Quantitation of articular surface topography and cartilage thickness in knee joints using stereophotogrammetry

wbldb

Ateshian, G.A.¹; Soslowsky, L.J.¹; Mow, V.C.²

Quantitation of articular surface topography and cartilage thickness in knee joints using stereophotogrammetry

J Biomech. January 1991;24(8):761-776

©1991 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Affiliations

¹Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A. and t

²Director, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, U.S.A.
Abstract

An analytical stereophotogrammetry (SPG) technique has been developed based upon some of the pioneering work of Selvik [Ph.D. thesis, University of Lund, Sweden (1974)] and Huiskes and co-workers [J. Biomechanics 18, 559–570 (1985)], and represents a fundamental step in the construction of biomechanical models of diarthrodial joints. Using this technique, the precise three-dimensional topography of the cartilage surfaces of various diarthrodial joints has been obtained. The system presented in this paper delivers an accuracy of 90 μm in the least favorable conditions with 95% coverage using the same calibration method as Huiskes et al. (1985). In addition, a method has been developed, using SPG, to quantitatively map the cartilage thickness over the entire articular surface of a joint with a precision of 134 μm (95% coverage). In the present study, our SPG system has been used to quantify the topography, including surface area, of the articular surfaces of the patella, distal femur, tibial plateau, and menisci of the human knee. Furthermore, examples of cartilage thickness maps and corresponding thickness data including coefficient of variation, minimum, maximum, and mean cartilage thickness are also provided for the cartilage surfaces of the knee. These maps illustrate significant variations over the joint surfaces which are important in the determination of the stresses and strains within the cartilage during diarthrodial joint function. In addition, these cartilage surface topographies and thickness data are essential for the development of anatomically accurate finite element models of diarthrodial joints. The geometric data obtained in this study may also be useful for other bioengineering applications such as the determination of joint contact areas [Ateshian et al., ASME Biomech. Symp. 98, 105–108 (1989); Soslowsky et al., ASME Adv. Bioengng 15, 129–130 (1989); Soslowsky et al., Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints, pp. 243–268. Springer, NY (1990)] and the development of anatomically accurate artificial joints.
Links

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(91)90340-S

PubMed: 1918099

WoS: A1991GC77800010
History

Revised: 1991-02-26

Cited Works (13)

Year	Entry
1980	Spoor CW, Veldpaus FE. Rigid body motion calculated from spatial co-ordinates of markers. J Biomech. 1980;13(4):391-393.
1981	Rushfeldt PD, Mann RW, Harris WH. Improved techniques for measuring in vitro the geometry and pressure distribution in the human acetabulum, I: ultrasonic measurement of acetabular surfaces, sphericity and cartilage thickness. J Biomech. 1981;14(4):253-260.
1990	Kwan MK, Lai WM, Mow VC. A finite deformation theory for cartilage and other soft hydrated connective tissues, I: equilibrium results. J Biomech. 1990;23(2):145-155.
1980	Wismans J, Veldpaus F, Janssen J, Huson A, Struben P. A three-dimensional mathematical model of the knee-joint. J Biomech. 1980;13(8):677-685.
1979	Scherrer PK, Hillberry BM. Piecewise mathematical representation of articular surfaces. J Biomech. 1979;12(4):301-311.
1983	Ghosh SK. A close-range photogrammetric system for 3-D measurements and perspective diagramming in biomechanics. J Biomech. 1983;16(8):667-674.
1983	Ahmed AM, Burke DL. In-vitro of measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints, I: tibial surface of the knee. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):216-225.
1985	Huiskes R, Kremers J, de Lange A, Woltring HJ, Selvik G, van Rens TJG. Analytical stereophotogrammetric determination of three-dimensional knee-joint geometry. J Biomech. 1985;18(8):559-570.
1991	Suh J-K, Spilker RL, Holmes MH. A penalty finite element analysis for nonlinear mechanics of biphasic hydrated soft tissue under large deformation. Int J Num Meth Eng. November 1991;32(7):1411-1439.
1989	Hou JS, Holmes MH, Lai WM, Mow VC. Boundary conditions at the cartilage-synovial fluid interface for joint lubrication and theoretical verifications. J Biomech Eng. February 1989;111(1):78-87.
1983	Ahmed AM, Burke DL, Yu A. In-vitro of measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints, II: retropatellar surface. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):226-236.
1989	Feldkamp LA, Goldstein SA, Parfitt MA, Jesion G, Kleerekoper M. The direct examination of three‐dimensional bone architecture in vitro by computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res. 1989;4(1):3-11.
1978	Lai WM, Kuei SC, Mow VC. Rheological equations for synovial fluids. J Biomech Eng. November 1978;100(4):169-186.

Cited By (68)

Year	Entry
2006	Loyd AM, Daniel C, Mukundan S, Marcus J, Schoenleber J, Marshall S, Das RR, Myers BS, Nightingale RW. 3-D average skull contour data for 3-year-olds and 5-year-olds: a pilot study. In: Proceedings of the 34th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2006.41-52.
1997	Atkinson PJ, Garcia JJ, Altiero NJ, Haut RC. The influence of impact interface on human knee injury: implications for instrument panel design and the lower extremity injury criterion. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:167-180. SAE 973327.
2010	Loyd AM, Nightingale R, Bass CRD, Mertz HJ, Frush D, Daniel C, Lee C, Marcus JR, Mukundan S, Myers BS. Pediatric head contours and inertial properties for ATD design. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:167-196. SAE 2010-22-0009.
2004	Andriacchi TP, Mündermann A, Smith RL, Alexander EJ, Dyrby CO, Koo S. A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng. March 2004;32(3):447-457.
2002	Mow VC, Guo XE. Mechano-electrochemical properties of articular cartilage: their inhomogeneities and anisotropies. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2002;4:175-209.
1992	Ateshian GA, Rosenwasser MP, Mow VC. Curvature characteristics and congruence of the thumb carpometacarpal joint: differences between female and male joints. J Biomech. June 1992;25(6):591-607.
1994	Ateshian GA, Kwak SD, Soslowsky LJ, Mow VC. A stereophotogrammetric method for determining in situ contact areas in diarthrodial joints, and a comparison with other methods. J Biomech. January 1994;27(1):111-124.
1999	Donzelli PS, Spilker RL, Ateshian GA, Mow VC. Contact analysis of biphasic transversely isotropic cartilage layers and correlations with tissue failure. J Biomech. October 1999;32(10):1037-1047.
2000	Eckstein F, Lemberger B, Stammberger T, Englmeier KH, Reiser M. Patellar cartilage deformation in vivo after static versus dynamic loading. J Biomech. July 2000;33(7):819-825.
2003	Hung CT, Lima EG, Mauck RL, Taki E, LeRoux MA, Lu HH, Stark RG, Guo XE, Ateshian GA. Anatomically shaped osteochondral constructs for articular cartilage repair. J Biomech. December 2003;36(12):1853-1864.
2005	Kelly DJ, Prendergast PJ. Mechano-regulation of stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration in osteochondral defects. J Biomech. July 2005;38(7):1413-1422.
1992	Spilker RL, Suh J-K, Mow VC. A finite element analysis of the indentation stress-relaxation response of linear biphasic articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. May 1992;114(2):191-201.
1993	Mow VC, Ateshian GA, Spilker RL. Biomechanics of diarthrodial joints: a review of twenty years of progress. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4B):460-467.
1992	Soslowsky LJ, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU, Pawluk RJ, Ateshian GA, Mow VC. Quantitation of in situ contact areas at the glenohumeral joint: a biomechanical study. J Orthop Res. July 1992;10(4):524-534.
1994	Setton LA, Mow VC, Müller FJ, Pita JC, Howell DS. Mechanical properties of canine articular cartilage are significantly altered following transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. July 1994;12(4):451-463.
2022	Thomeer LT, Guan S, Gray HA, Pandy MG. Articular contact motion at the knee during daily activities. J Orthop Res. August 2022;40(8):1756-1769.
1999	Cohen ZA, McCarthy DM, Kwak SD, Legrand P, Fogarasi F, Ciaccio EJ, Ateshian GA. Knee cartilage topography, thickness, and contact areas from MRI: in-vitro calibration and in-vivo measurements. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. January 1999;7(1):95-109.
2019	Shegaf A. Cartilage Biomechanical and Mechanobiological Response to Sliding Contact [PhD thesis]. Carleton University; August 2019.
2018	Wei F. Behavioral, Functional, and Shape Assessment for Temporomandibular Joint [PhD thesis]. Clemson, SC: Clemson University; May 2018.
1996	Kelkar R. Normal and Abnormal Mechanics of the Shoulder: Studies of Articular Geometry, Contact and Kinematics [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1996.
1997	Kwak SKD. Experimental and Mathematical Investigation of the Human Knee: Anatomy, Kinematics and Contact [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1997.
1999	Xu L. Biomechanics of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint: Topography, Ligamentous Structure, Articular Contact, and Kinematics [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1999.
2000	Soltz MA. Investigation of a Boundary Friction Model for Articular Cartilage: Effects of Interstitial Fluid Pressurization and Surface Topography [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2000.
2001	Cohen ZA. Analysis of Diagnostic Tools and Treatment Methods for Osteoarthritis in the Patellofemoral Joint: In Vivo Methods for Employing Magnetic Resonance Imaging [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2001.
2001	Huang C-Y. Biomechanics of Soft Tissues in the Shoulder Joint: Glenohumeral Cartilage, Ligament, and Rotator Cuff Tendon [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2001.
2001	Wang VM-W. Biomechanics of the Normal and Surgically Reconstructed Shoulder [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2001.
2003	Mauck RL. Functional Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage: The Effect of Physical Forces on the in Vitro Growth of Engineered Constructs [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2003.
2004	Koff MF. The Progression of Osteoarthritis, Evaluation of Surgical Procedures and Modeling of Osteoarthritis At the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2004.
2006	Basalo Perez-Luna IM. Effects of Enzymatic Degradation and Supplementation of Chrondroitin Sulfate on the Frictional Properties of Articular Cartilage [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2006.
2008	Lima EG. The Tissue-Engineering of Functional Osteochondral Constructs for Cartilage Repair [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2008.
2016	Nover AB. Fabrication of Tissue Engineered Osteochondral Allografts for Clinical Translation [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2016.
2017	Jones BK. Articular Cartilage Contact Mechanics and Development of a Bendable Osteochondral Allograft [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2017.
2017	Nims RJ. Optimizing Cartilage Tissue Engineering Through Computational Growth Models and Experimental Culture Protocols [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2017.
2017	Roach BL. Modulation of the in Vitro Mechanical and Chemical Environment for the Optimization of Tissue-Engineered Articular Cartilage [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2017.
2019	Estell EG. Modulation of Synovium Mechanobiology and Tribology in the Osteoarthritic Environment [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2019.
2020	Zimmerman BKL. Mechanically Mediated Fatigue Failure in Articular Cartilage: Experimental, Theoretical, and Computational Models [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 2020.
2000	LeRoux MA. Altered Mechanics of the Meniscus With a Healing Tear: Experimental Testing and Biphasic Finite Element Analysis [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2000.
2011	Loyd AM. Studies of the Human Head from Neonate to Adult: An Inertial, Geometrical and Structural Analysis With Comparisons to the ATD Head [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2011.
2003	Korhonen R. Experimental Analysis and Finite Element Modeling of Normal and Degraded Articular Cartilage: Mechanical Response of Poroelastic, Anisotropic and Inhomogenous Tissue [PhD thesis]. University of Kuopio; 2003.
2002	Samosky JT. Spatially-Localized Correlation of MRI and Mechanical Stiffness to Assess Cartilage Integrity in the Human Tibial Plateau [PhD thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2002.
1998	Atkinson PJ. A Stress-Based Damage Criterion to Predict Articular Joint Injury from Subfracture Insult [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1998.
2009	Dai Y. Subject-Specific Computational Modeling of Spinal Constructs [PhD thesis]. University of Notre Dame; April 2009.
2014	Lathrop RL. Investigation of Measurable Biomechanical Factors That May Influence Articular Cartilage Degeneration in the Knee [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2014.
2014	Kim S. Contact Stress Analysis of the Native Radial Head and Radial Head Implants [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2014.
2002	Moglo KE. Analyse non linéaire par éléments finis du genou humain sous charges complexes en flexion [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; October 2002.
2018	Arabshahi Z. New Mechanical Indentation Framework for Functional Assessment of Articular Cartilage [PhD thesis]. Queensland University of Technology; 2018.
1995	Donzelli PS. A Mixed-Penalty Contact Finite Element Formulation for Biphasic Soft Tissues [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 1995.
2002	Ün KM. A Penetration-Based Finite Element Method for Hyperelastic Three-Dimensional Biphasic Tissues in Contact [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2002.
2006	Koo S. Variations in Knee Articular Cartilage Morphology Are Associated With Biomechanics of Gait for Healthy, Osteoarthritic and ACL Deficient Subjects [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 2006.
2004	McWalter EJ. Links Between Three-Dimensional Patellar Kinematics, Cartilage Morphology and Varus/valgus Alignment in Early Knee Osteoarthritis [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; December 2004.
2013	d’Entremont AG. Knee Joint Kinematics and Cartilage Health Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Applications to High Tibial Osteotomy [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; August 2013.
2000	Kralovic BJ. The Effects of Patellofemoral Kinematics on Joint Congruence and Cartilage Stresses [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2000.
2001	Moss RT. Quantification of Patellofemoral Contact Area Using MR Imaging, a Validation and Comparative Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2001.
2002	Couillard S. Cartilage Deformation of the Feline Patellofemoral Joint Obtained from Laser Scanning [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2002.
2003	Han S-K. Articular Cartilage Modeling in the 3-D Patellofemoral Joint Contact [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; June 2003.
2006	Cheng WTR. Registration for the in-Vivo Studies of Osteoarthritis Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2006.
2010	Youssef AMRM. The Development of Botulinum Type-a Toxin-Induced Muscle Weakness Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2010.
2011	Westover LM. Quantifying in Vivo Laxity in the ACL and Individual Knee Joint Structures: A Numerical Modeling Approach [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2011.
2000	Haut Donahue TL. A Finite Element Model of the Human Knee Joint for the Study of Meniscal Replacements [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
2020	Link JM. Toward Enhancing the Durability and Integration of Engineered Articular Cartilage [PhD thesis]. Irvine, CA: Irvine, University of California; 2020.
2014	Hansen BC. Distal Femur Articular Cartilage Surface Topology: Health, Acute Injury, and Repair [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2014.
1998	Malicky DM. Strain Fields of Joint Capsule and Stabilizing Factors in Shoulder Instability [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1998.
2017	Kim M. Multi-Cellular and Multi-Scale Approaches for Cartilage Repair [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2017.
2007	Anderson AE. Computational Modeling of Hip Joint Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; April 2007.
1994	Ziegler JM. A Dynamic Computational Model of the Human Knee Joint With Implementation in Two Optimal Control Models [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 1994.
2019	Braddish T. Reliability of Inter- and Intra-Examiner Loading of the Knee Joint During Simulated MRI [Master's thesis]. University of Vermont; May 2019.
1998	Mukherjee N. Load Sharing in Articular Cartilage [PhD thesis]. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University; August 1998.
2014	Choi KW. Computational Approaches for Segmenting Cartilage Morphology and Simulating Knee Joint Contact Pressure During Human Walking [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2014.