Three-dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking

Lafortune, M. A.; Cavanagh, P. R.; Sommer, III, H. J.; Kalenak, A.

Affiliations

¹School of Human Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 4C3, Canada

²Center for Locomotion Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.

³Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A.

⁴Department of Surgery, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, U.S.A.

Abstract

Three-dimensional kinematics of the tibiofemoral joint were studied during normal walking. Target markers were fixed to tibia and femur by means of intra-cortical traction pins. Radiographs of the lower limb were obtained to compute the position of the target markers relative to internal anatomical structures. High-speed cine cameras were used to measure three-dimensional coordinates of the target markers in five subjects walking at a speed of 1.2 m s⁻¹. Relative motion between tibia and femur was resolved according to a joint coordinate system (JCS). The measurements have identified that substantial angular and linear motions occur about and along each of the JCS axes during walking. The results do not, however, support the traditional view that the so-called ‘screw home’ mechanism of the knee joint operates during gait.

Links

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(92)90254-X

PubMed: 1583014

WoS: A1992HP04600003

History

Revised: 1991-09-24

Cited Works (10)

Year	Entry
1980	Winter DA. Overall principle of lower limb support during stance phase of gait. J Biomech. 1980;13(11):923-927.
1989	Yamaguchi GT, Zajac FE. A planar model of the knee joint to characterize the knee extensor mechanism. J Biomech. 1989;22(1):1-10.
1989	Apkarian J, Naumann S, Cairns B. A three-dimensional kinematic and dynamic model of the lower limb. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):143-155.
1986	van Eijden TMGJ, Kouwenhoven E, Verburg J, Weijs WA. A mathematical model of the patellofemoral joint. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):219-229.
1983	Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.
1990	Pennock GR, Clark KJ. An anatomy-based coordinate system for the description of the kinematic displacements in the human knee. J Biomech. 1990;23(12):1209-1218.
1948	Levens AS, Inman VT, Blosser JA. Transverse rotation of the segments of the lower extremity in locomotion. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1948;30A(4):859-872.
1983	Chao EY, Laughman RK, Schneider E, Stauffer RN. Normative data of knee joint motion and ground reaction forces in adult level walking. J Biomech. 1983;16(3):219-233.
1988	Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A. The envelope of passive knee joint motion. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):705-720.
1977	Townsend MA, Izak M, Jackson RW. Total motion knee goniometry. J Biomech. 1977;10(3):183-193.

Cited By (62)

Year	Entry
2011	Jones CDS, Grimshaw PN. The biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament and its reconstruction. In: Klika V, ed. Theoretical Biomechanics. InTech; 2011:361-384.
2005	Andriacchi TP, Johnson TS, Hurwitz DE, Natarajan RN. Musculoskeletal dynamics, locomotion, and clinical applications. In: Mow VC, Huiskes R, eds. Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics & Mechano-Biology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:91-122.
2009	Ogihara N, Makishima H, Aoi S, Sugimoto Y, Tsuchiya K, Nakatsukasa M. Development of an anatomically based whole-body musculoskeletal model of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Am J Phys Anthropol. July 2009;139(3):323-338.
1997	Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert AJ, Murphy N, Lundberg A, Nigg BM. Tibiocalcaneal motion during running, measured with external and bone markers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). January 1997;12(1):8-16.
1997	Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert AJ, Lundberg A, Nigg BM, Murphy N, Stacoff A, Stano A. Tibiofemoral and tibiocalcaneal motion during walking: external vs. skeletal markers. Gait Post. October 1997;6(2):98-109.
2005	Leardini A, Chiari L, Della Croce U, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, III: soft tissue artifact assessment and compensation. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):212-225.
2006	Benoit DL, Ramsey DK, Lamontagne M, Xu L, Wretenberg P, Renström P. Effect of skin movement artifact on knee kinematics during gait and cutting motions measured in vivo. Gait Post. October 2006;24(2):152-164.
1997	Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert A, Nigg B, Lundberg A, Murphy N. Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running. J Biomech. July 1997;30(7):729-732.
1998	Sheehan FT, Zajac FE, Drace JE. Using cine phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging to non-invasively study in vivo knee dynamics. J Biomech. January 1998;31(1):21-26.
1999	Lu T-W, O’Connor JJ. Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. J Biomech. February 1999;32(2):129-134.
2005	Andriacchi TP, Dyrby CO. Interactions between kinematics and loading during walking for the normal and ACL deficient knee. J Biomech. February 2005;38(2):293-298.
2010	Andersen MS, Benoit DL, Damsgaard M, Ramsey DK, Rasmussen J. Do kinematic models reduce the effects of soft tissue artefacts in skin marker-based motion analysis? an in vivo study of knee kinematics. J Biomech. January 19, 2010;43(2):268-273.
2010	Liu F, Kozanek M, Hosseini A, Van de Velde SK, Gill TJ, Rubash HE, Li G. In vivo tibiofemoral cartilage deformation during the stance phase of gait. J Biomech. March 3, 2010;43(4):658-665.
2010	Duprey S, Cheze L, Dumas R. Influence of joint constraints on lower limb kinematics estimation from skin markers using global optimization. J Biomech. 2010;43(14):2858-2862.
2017	Taylor WR, Schütz P, Bergmann G, List R, Postolka B, Hitz M, Dymke J, Damm P, Duda G, Gerber H, Schwachmeyer V, Hosseini Nasab SH, Trepczynski A, Kutzner I. A comprehensive assessment of the musculoskeletal system: the CAMS-Knee data set. J Biomech. December 8, 2017;65:32-39.
2023	Hamilton LD, Andreassen TE, Myers CA, Shelburne KB, Clary CW, Rullkoetter PJ. Knee pivot location in asymptomatic older adults. J Biomech. March 2023;149:111487.
2024	Konishi R, Ozawa J, Kuniki M, Yamagiwa D, Kito N. Sex differences in pelvis, thigh, and shank coordination during walking. J Biomech. January 2024;162:111891.
1998	Andriacchi TP, Alexander EJ, Toney MK, Dyrby C, Sum J. A point cluster method for in vivo motion analysis: applied to a study of knee kinematics. J Biomech Eng. December 1998;120(6):743-749.
2002	Haut Donahue TL, Hull ML, Rashid MM, Jacobs CR. A finite element model of the human knee joint for the study of tibio-femoral contact. J Biomech Eng. June 2002;124(3):273-280.
2003	Tashman S, Anderst W. In-vivo measurement of dynamic joint motion using high speed biplane radiography and CT: application to canine ACL deficiency. J Biomech Eng. April 2003;125(2):238-245.
2015	Hicks JL, Uchida TK, Seth A, Rajagopal A, Delp SL. Is my model good enough? best practices for verification and validation of musculoskeletal models and simulations of movement. J Biomech Eng. February 2015;137(2):020905.
2018	Witte KA. Design, Characterization, and Implementation of Lower-Limb Exoskeletons for Performance Augmentation During Walking and Running [PhD thesis]. Carnegie Mellon University; December 2018.
2018	Pauly HM. Development of a Hierarchical Electrospun Scaffold for Ligament Replacement [PhD thesis]. Colorado State University; 2018.
2007	Halloran JP. Explicit Finite Element Modeling of Total Knee Replacement Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; June 2007.
2008	Pal S. Explicit Finite Element Modeling of Joint Mechanics [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; August 2008.
2016	Navacchia A. Multiscale Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Lower Limb to Perform Personalized Simulations of Movement [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; November 2016.
2021	Kefala V. Accurate Measurement of Healthy Joint Kinematics to Inform Diagnosis and Treatment [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; March 2021.
2011	Ragetly CAM. Gait Analysis of the Hind Limb in Labrador Retrievers With and Without Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease [PhD thesis]. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; 2011.
1999	Bull AMJ. Measurement and Computer Simulation of Knee Kinematics [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; 1999.
2005	DeFrate LE. The Biomechanics of the Knee Following Injury and Reconstruction of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; June 2005.
2014	Lathrop RL. Investigation of Measurable Biomechanical Factors That May Influence Articular Cartilage Degeneration in the Knee [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2014.
2000	Petrella AJ. The Effects of Surgical Alignment on Tracking, Load Transfer, and Wear in the Patellofemoral Joint After Total Knee Arthroplasty [PhD thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2000.
2003	Gil JE. Development of a Biomechanical Testing Platform for the Study of the Human Knee Joint [Master's thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2003.
2014	Adouni M. Analyse biomécanique de l'articulation de genou durant la bipédie humaine [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; July 2014.
2017	Marouane H. Biomécanique de l'articulation du genou humain durant la marche: Un modèle musculosquelettique hybride [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; March 2017.
2002	Henley JD. A Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Postural Perturbation [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; May 2002.
1992	Li J. An Integrated Gait Analysis System (QGAIT) for Evaluation of Individual Loading Patterns At Knee Joint During Gait [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; November 1992.
2010	Acker SM. High Flexion Kinematics and Kinetics for the Improvement of Artificial Knee Joints [PhD thesis]. Queen's University; October 2010.
2000	Zhang H. Geometric and Finite Element Modelling of the Tibio-Menisco-Femoral Contact Under Passive Knee Motion [PhD thesis]. University of Rochester; 2000.
1997	Sheehan FT. A Non-Invasive, in Vivo Study of the Patella Using Cine Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 3D Kinematics and Tendon Strain [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 1997.
2006	Koo S. Variations in Knee Articular Cartilage Morphology Are Associated With Biomechanics of Gait for Healthy, Osteoarthritic and ACL Deficient Subjects [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; September 2006.
2010	Netravali NA. Meniscal Damage, Partial Medial Meniscectomy, and the Development of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; November 2010.
2010	Scanlan SF. Understanding the Interaction Between Graft Placement, Gait Mechanics, and Cartilage Morphology as a Pathway to Osteoarthristis in the ACL Reconstructed Knee [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; December 2010.
2016	Edd SN. The Development of Post-Traumatic and Idiopathic Osteoarthritis of the Knee [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; May 2016.
2004	McWalter EJ. Links Between Three-Dimensional Patellar Kinematics, Cartilage Morphology and Varus/valgus Alignment in Early Knee Osteoarthritis [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; December 2004.
1997	Boyd SK. A 3D in-Situ Model for Patellofemoral Joint Contact Analysis in the Normal and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 1997.
1998	Stacoff AP. Skeletal Lower Extremity Motions During Running [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 1998.
1999	Powers MJ. Human Patellofemoral Kinematics and Related Joint Surface Geometry [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 1999.
2006	Monteleone BJ. Effects of Functional Ankle Instability on Ankle Joint Complex Dynamics and Motor Control [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2006.
2010	Tapper JE. Dynamic in Vivo Kinematics in an Ovine Stifle Joint Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2010.
2012	Beveridge JE. Surface Interactions and Cartilage Damage in Two Ovine Models of Stifle Injury [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2012.
2000	Haut Donahue TL. A Finite Element Model of the Human Knee Joint for the Study of Meniscal Replacements [PhD thesis]. Davis, University of California; 2000.
2017	Hsu F. Articulation of Human Articular Cartilage Induces Anisotropic Structural Deterioration and Age-Dependent Cellular Responses [PhD thesis]. San Diego (UCSD), University of California; 2017.
1998	Manal K. Comparison of Surface-Mounted Markers and Attachment Methods in Estimating Tibial Rotations During Walking [PhD thesis]. University of Delaware; Summer 1998.
2001	Otto JK. Mobility and Contact Mechanics of Rotating Platform Total Knee Replacements [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; December 2001.
2022	Young C. 3D Printed Wearable Devices for Out-of-Lab Joint Performance Assessment: Design, Validation and Applications [PhD thesis]. University of Guelph; August 2022.
2018	Roach KE. Development, Validation, and Application of Dynamic Imaging to Quantify in Vivo Kinematics of the Foot and Ankle [PhD thesis]. University of Utah; December 2018.
2014	Sudduth ASM. The Role of the Ankle Plantar Flexors During Running With Different Strike Patterns [Master's thesis]. University of Washington; 2014.
2012	Schmitz A. The Importance of Including Knee Joint Laxity in Dynamic Musculoskeletal Simulations of Movement [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2012.
2015	Kaiser J. Assessment of Cartilage Contact and Early Degeneration Following ACL Reconstruction [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2015.
2015	Lenhart RL. Influence of Surgery on Musculoskeletal Mechanics in Children With Crouch Gait [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2015.
2019	Smith CR. Simulating the Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Treatment on Cartilage Loading During Walking [PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin – Madison; 2019.