Analyse biomécanique du maintien de l'équilibre debout suite à une accélération transitoire de la surface d'appui: Application à l'amélioration de la protection des passagers de transports en commun

This study deals with the safety of standing passengers in guided public transportation systems. The analysis of the literature realised in this study indicates that the risk of fall, and thus of injury, is important for standing passengers. Moreover, it appears that the situation of standing passengers is intermediate between 1/ classical studies concerning the protection of transportation users; 2 / literature on perturbed stance. Thus, the way to tackle the problem of the safety of standing passengers should be reconsidered. Pertinent data need to be acquired, and specific data treatments have to be designed.

The main results of this work are:

an experimental test set-up to study the reaction of volunteer subjects submitted to representative situations of public transportation;
an original method to reconstruct movements, using a kinematic model of the human body, and treating the problem with a semi-global approach;
a method to compute the joint forces and moments, based on classical principles (recursive approach), and adapted to the complexity of the studied model and movements;
the description of the main phenomenon of the balance recovery, and of the influence of parameters such as the level of perturbation, the type of holding device used, etc.;
a first encouraging approach of the prediction of the balance recovery kinematics depending on the initial conditions.

The methods developed in this work and the contribution of this study to the knowledge of the balance recovery constitute a first step in the goal of obtaining a tool to evaluate and reduce the risks for standing passengers.

This project began within the project SAFETRAM funded by the European Commission, and was the matter of an industrial collaboration with the French railways company (SNCF).

Keywords: accident data; biomecanics; standing equilibrium; balance recovery; public transportation; movement analysis; inverse dynamics

Year	Entry
1995	Winter DA. Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait Post. December 1995;3(4):193-214.
1986	Horak FB, Nashner LM. Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol. June 1986;55(6):1369-1381.
2005	Reinbolt JA, Schutte JF, Fregly BJ, Koh BI, Haftka RT, George AD, Mitchell KH. Determination of patient-specific multi-joint kinematic models through two-level optimization. J Biomech. March 2005;38(3):621-626.
1983	Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.
1982	Do M, Breniere Y, Brenguier P. A biomechanical study of balance recovery during the fall forward. J Biomech. 1982;15(12):933-939.
1988	Veldpaus FE, Woltring HJ, Dortmans JMG. A least-squares algorithm for the equiform transformation from spatial marker co-ordinates. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):45-54.
1973	Chao EY-S, Rim K. Application of optimization principles in determining the applied moments in human leg joints during gait. J Biomech. September 1973;6(5):497-510.
1991	Davis RB III, Õunpuu S, Tyburski D, Gage JR. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum Mov Sci. October 1991;10(5):575-587.
1977	Pezzack JC, Norman RW, Winter DA. An assessment of derivative determining techniques used for motion analysis. J Biomech. 1977;10(5-6):377-382.
1993	Zajac FE. Muscle coordination of movement: a perspective. J Biomech. 1993;26(suppl 1):109-124.
1989	Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME, Gainey J, Gorton G, Cochran GVB. Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait. J Orthop Res. November 1989;7(6):849-860.
1995	Wu G, Cavanagh PR. ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. J Biomech. 1995;28(10):1257-1261.
1996	Vint PF, Hinrichs RN. Endpoint error in smoothing and differentiating raw kinematic data: an evaluation of four popular methods. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1637-1642.
1980	McConville JT, Churchill TD, Kaleps I, Clauser CE, Cuzzi J. Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; December 1980. Report No. AFAMRL-TR-80-119.
2002	Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.
1990	Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Inc., John Wiley & Sons; 1990.
2005	Wu G, van der Helm FCT, Veeger HEJ, Makhsous M, Van Roy P, Anglin C, Nagels J, Karduna AR, McQuade K, Wang X, Werner FW, Buchholz B. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech. May 2005;38(5):981-992.
1989	Apkarian J, Naumann S, Cairns B. A three-dimensional kinematic and dynamic model of the lower limb. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):143-155.
2005	Hof AL, Gazendam MGJ, Sinke WE. The condition for dynamic stability. J Biomech. January 2005;38(1):1-8.
2005	Cappozzo A, Della Croce U, Leardini A, Chiari L. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, I: theoretical background. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):186-196.
2003	Kirk A, Grant R, Bird R. Passenger casualties in non-collision incidents on buses and coaches in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Leardini A, Chiari L, Della Croce U, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, III: soft tissue artifact assessment and compensation. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):212-225.
1995	Seidel GK, Marchinda DM, Dijkers M, Soutas-Little RW. Hip joint center location from palpable bony landmarks: a cadaver study. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):995-998.
1999	Lu T-W, O’Connor JJ. Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. J Biomech. February 1999;32(2):129-134.
2005	Della Croce U, Leardini A, Chiari L, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, IV: assessment of anatomical landmark misplacement and its effects on joint kinematics. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):226-237.
1986	Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.
1992	Lafortune MA, Cavanagh PR, Sommer HJ III, Kalenak A. Three-dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):347-357.
1996	de Leva P. Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. J Biomech. September 1996;29(9):1223-1230.
1996	Cappozzo A, Catani F, Leardini A, Benedetti M, Della Croce U. Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: experimental artefacts. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). March 1996;11(2):90-100.
1998	Kuo AD. A least-squares estimation approach to improving the precision of inverse dynamics computations. J Biomech Eng. February 1998;120(1):148-159.
1985	Nashner LM, McCollum G. The organization of human postural movements: a formal basis and experimental synthesis. Behav Brain Sci. March 1985;8(1):135-150, 169-172.
2005	Chevalier M-C, Maupas A, Lévêque D, Verriest J-P. Air-bag protection of the train driver during a collision. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.447-450.
2006	Rao G, Amarantini D, Berton E, Favier D. Influence of body segments’ parameters estimation models on inverse dynamics solutions during gait. J Biomech. 2006;39(8):1531-1536.
2005	Chiari L, Della Croce U, Leardini A, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, II: instrumental errors. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):197-211.

Year

Entry

1995

Winter DA. Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait Post. December 1995;3(4):193-214.

1986

Horak FB, Nashner LM. Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol. June 1986;55(6):1369-1381.

2005

Reinbolt JA, Schutte JF, Fregly BJ, Koh BI, Haftka RT, George AD, Mitchell KH. Determination of patient-specific multi-joint kinematic models through two-level optimization. J Biomech. March 2005;38(3):621-626.

1983

Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.

1982

Do M, Breniere Y, Brenguier P. A biomechanical study of balance recovery during the fall forward. J Biomech. 1982;15(12):933-939.

1988

Veldpaus FE, Woltring HJ, Dortmans JMG. A least-squares algorithm for the equiform transformation from spatial marker co-ordinates. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):45-54.

1973

Chao EY-S, Rim K. Application of optimization principles in determining the applied moments in human leg joints during gait. J Biomech. September 1973;6(5):497-510.

1991

Davis RB III, Õunpuu S, Tyburski D, Gage JR. A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique. Hum Mov Sci. October 1991;10(5):575-587.

1977

Pezzack JC, Norman RW, Winter DA. An assessment of derivative determining techniques used for motion analysis. J Biomech. 1977;10(5-6):377-382.

1993

Zajac FE. Muscle coordination of movement: a perspective. J Biomech. 1993;26(suppl 1):109-124.

1989

Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME, Gainey J, Gorton G, Cochran GVB. Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait. J Orthop Res. November 1989;7(6):849-860.

1995

Wu G, Cavanagh PR. ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. J Biomech. 1995;28(10):1257-1261.

1996

Vint PF, Hinrichs RN. Endpoint error in smoothing and differentiating raw kinematic data: an evaluation of four popular methods. J Biomech. December 1996;29(12):1637-1642.

1980

McConville JT, Churchill TD, Kaleps I, Clauser CE, Cuzzi J. Anthropometric Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moments of Inertia. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory; December 1980. Report No. AFAMRL-TR-80-119.

2002

Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.

1990

Winter DA. Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Inc., John Wiley & Sons; 1990.

2005

Wu G, van der Helm FCT, Veeger HEJ, Makhsous M, Van Roy P, Anglin C, Nagels J, Karduna AR, McQuade K, Wang X, Werner FW, Buchholz B. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech. May 2005;38(5):981-992.

1989

Apkarian J, Naumann S, Cairns B. A three-dimensional kinematic and dynamic model of the lower limb. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):143-155.

2005

Hof AL, Gazendam MGJ, Sinke WE. The condition for dynamic stability. J Biomech. January 2005;38(1):1-8.

2005

Cappozzo A, Della Croce U, Leardini A, Chiari L. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, I: theoretical background. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):186-196.

2003

Kirk A, Grant R, Bird R. Passenger casualties in non-collision incidents on buses and coaches in Great Britain. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.

2005

Leardini A, Chiari L, Della Croce U, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, III: soft tissue artifact assessment and compensation. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):212-225.

1995

Seidel GK, Marchinda DM, Dijkers M, Soutas-Little RW. Hip joint center location from palpable bony landmarks: a cadaver study. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):995-998.

1999

Lu T-W, O’Connor JJ. Bone position estimation from skin marker co-ordinates using global optimisation with joint constraints. J Biomech. February 1999;32(2):129-134.

2005

Della Croce U, Leardini A, Chiari L, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, IV: assessment of anatomical landmark misplacement and its effects on joint kinematics. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):226-237.

1986

Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.

1992

Lafortune MA, Cavanagh PR, Sommer HJ III, Kalenak A. Three-dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):347-357.

1996

de Leva P. Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. J Biomech. September 1996;29(9):1223-1230.

1996

Cappozzo A, Catani F, Leardini A, Benedetti M, Della Croce U. Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: experimental artefacts. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). March 1996;11(2):90-100.

1998

Kuo AD. A least-squares estimation approach to improving the precision of inverse dynamics computations. J Biomech Eng. February 1998;120(1):148-159.

1985

Nashner LM, McCollum G. The organization of human postural movements: a formal basis and experimental synthesis. Behav Brain Sci. March 1985;8(1):135-150, 169-172.

2005

Chevalier M-C, Maupas A, Lévêque D, Verriest J-P. Air-bag protection of the train driver during a collision. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.447-450.

2006

Rao G, Amarantini D, Berton E, Favier D. Influence of body segments’ parameters estimation models on inverse dynamics solutions during gait. J Biomech. 2006;39(8):1531-1536.

2005

Chiari L, Della Croce U, Leardini A, Cappozzo A. Human movement analysis using stereophotogrammetry, II: instrumental errors. Gait Post. February 2005;21(2):197-211.

Year	Entry
2007	Robert T, Beillas P, Maupas A, Verriest J-P. Possible head impacts for standing passengers in public transportation: influence of an obstacle on the passenger kinematic. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.393-396.
2010	Symeonidis I, Kavadarli G, Fraga F, van Rooij L, Schuller E, Peldschus S. Characterisation of motorcyclist's upper body motion during braking manoeuvre. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.297-300.

Year

Entry

2007

Robert T, Beillas P, Maupas A, Verriest J-P. Possible head impacts for standing passengers in public transportation: influence of an obstacle on the passenger kinematic. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.393-396.

2010

Symeonidis I, Kavadarli G, Fraga F, van Rooij L, Schuller E, Peldschus S. Characterisation of motorcyclist's upper body motion during braking manoeuvre. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.297-300.