A 3D in-Situ Model for Patellofemoral Joint Contact Analysis in the Normal and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee

Altered knee joint mechanics after anterior cniciate ligament (ACL) injury are commonly speculated to lead to osteoarthritis. However, the techniques for quantifying changes in internal knee joint mechanics are limited. This study presents a mathematical model for quantifying cat patellofemoral (PF) joint contact mechanics in a normal and ACL deficient joint in-situ, and determining the distribution of joint cartilage thickness. Three-dimensional kinematics were measured precisely with varying joint loads, joint angles, and ACL integrity. Cartilage and bone surfaces were precisely measured with a newly introduced multi-station digital photogrammetry technique. Joint surfaces were aligned and modelled with a numerical technique new to biomechanics called the thin-plate spline. The model was used to determine cartilage thickness distribution, and contact patterns in the PF joint that varied with altered kinematics. It successfully estimates internal PF joint contact mechanics.

Year	Entry
1992	Ateshian GA, Rosenwasser MP, Mow VC. Curvature characteristics and congruence of the thumb carpometacarpal joint: differences between female and male joints. J Biomech. June 1992;25(6):591-607.
1966	Viidik A, Lewin T. Changes in tensile strength characteristics and histology of rabbit ligaments induced by different modes of postmortal storage. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(2):141-155.
1993	Cole GK, Nigg BM, Ronsky JL, Yeadon MR. Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardization proposal. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4A):344-349.
1983	Brown TD, Shaw DT. In vitro contact stress distributions in the natural human hip. J Biomech. 1983;16(6):373-384.
1983	Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.
1980	Palmoski MJ, Colyer RA, Brandt KD. Joint motion in the absence of normal loading does not maintain normal articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. March 1980;23(3):325-334.
1988	Veldpaus FE, Woltring HJ, Dortmans JMG. A least-squares algorithm for the equiform transformation from spatial marker co-ordinates. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):45-54.
1990	Spoor CW, van Leeuwen JL, Meskers CGM, Titulaer AF, Huson A. Estimation of instantaneous moment arms of lower-leg muscles. J Biomech. 1990;23(12):1247-1259.
1996	Lichti DD. Constrained Finite Element Method Self-Calibration [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 1996.
1992	Soslowsky LJ, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU, Pawluk RJ, Ateshian GA, Mow VC. Quantitation of in situ contact areas at the glenohumeral joint: a biomechanical study. J Orthop Res. July 1992;10(4):524-534.
1995	Ronsky JL, Herzog W, Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Grood ES, Butler DL. In vivo quantification of the cat patellofemoral joint contact stresses and areas. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):977-983.
1983	Hoch DH, Grodzinsky AJ, Koob TJ, Albert ML, Eyre DR. Early changes in material properties of rabbit articular cartilage after meniscectomy. J Orthop Res. 1983;1(1):4-12.
1983	Ghosh SK. A close-range photogrammetric system for 3-D measurements and perspective diagramming in biomechanics. J Biomech. 1983;16(8):667-674.
1991	Brown TD, Pope DF, Hale JE, Buckwalter JA, Brand RA. Effects of osteochondral defect size on cartilage contact stress. J Orthop Res. 1991;9(4):559-567.
1995	Roos H, Adalberth T, Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS. Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. December 1995;3(3):261-267.
1996	Hasler EM. In-Vivo Knee Loading Before and After ACL Transection in an Animal Model [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 1996.
1980	Wismans JSHM. A Three-Dimensional Mathematical Model of the Human Knee Joint [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven University of Technology; 1980.
1976	Hori RY, Mockros LF. Indentation tests of human articular cartilage. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):259-268.
1995	Challis JH. A procedure for determining rigid body transformation parameters. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):733-737.
1996	Maitland ME. Longitudinal Measurement of Tibial Motion Relative to the Femur During Passive Displacements and Femoral Nerve Stimulation in the ACL-Deficient Cat Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 1996.
1989	Mow VC, Gibbs MC, Lai WM, Zhu WB, Athanasiou KA. Biphasic indentation of articular cartilage, II: a numerical algorithm and an experimental study. J Biomech. 1989;22:853-861.
1976	Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Zindel M. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology, I: functional anatomy of the patello-femoral joint. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1976;58B(3):287-290.
1971	Greenwald AS, O'Connor JJ. The transmission of load through the human hip joint. J Biomech. December 1971;4(6):507-528.
1979	Scherrer PK, Hillberry BM. Piecewise mathematical representation of articular surfaces. J Biomech. 1979;12(4):301-311.
1976	Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Woods C. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology, II: chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1976;58B(3):291-299.
1980	Spoor CW, Veldpaus FE. Rigid body motion calculated from spatial co-ordinates of markers. J Biomech. 1980;13(4):391-393.
1990	Kelly MA, Fithian DC, Chern KY, Mow VC. Structure and function of the meniscus: basic and clinical implications. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 1. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:191-211.
1988	Siegler S, Chen J, Schneck CD. The three-dimensional kinematics and flexibility characteristics of the human ankle and subtalar joints, I: kinematics. J Biomech Eng. November 1988;110(4):364-373.
1972	Walker PS, Hajek JV. The load-bearing area in the knee joint. J Biomech. November 1972;5(6):581-589.
1970	Simon WH. Scale effects in animal joints, I: articular cartilage thickness and compressive stress. Arthritis Rheum. May–June 1970;13(3):244-255.
1986	Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.
1992	Lafortune MA, Cavanagh PR, Sommer HJ III, Kalenak A. Three-dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):347-357.
1993	Söderkvist I, Wedin P-Å. Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers. J Biomech. December 1993;26(12):1473-1477.
1991	Athanasiou KA, Rosenwasser MP, Buckwalter JA, Malinin TI, Mow VC. Interspecies comparisons of in situ intrinsic mechanical properties of distal femoral cartilage. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(3):330-340.
1988	Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A. The envelope of passive knee joint motion. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):705-720.
1994	Ronsky JL. In-Vivo Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Contact Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1994.
1985	Huiskes R, Kremers J, de Lange A, Woltring HJ, Selvik G, van Rens TJG. Analytical stereophotogrammetric determination of three-dimensional knee-joint geometry. J Biomech. 1985;18(8):559-570.
1994	Ateshian GA, Kwak SD, Soslowsky LJ, Mow VC. A stereophotogrammetric method for determining in situ contact areas in diarthrodial joints, and a comparison with other methods. J Biomech. January 1994;27(1):111-124.
1990	Radin EL, Fyhrie D. Joint physiology and biomechanics. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:369-384.
1980	Wismans J, Veldpaus F, Janssen J, Huson A, Struben P. A three-dimensional mathematical model of the knee-joint. J Biomech. 1980;13(8):677-685.
1997	Eckstein F, Adam C, Sittek H, Becker C, Milz S, Schulte E, Reiser M, Putz R. Non-invasive determination of cartilage thickness throughout joint surfaces using magnetic resonance imaging. J Biomech. March 1997;30(3):285-289.
1996	Reinschmidt C. Three-Dimensional Tibiocalcaneal and Tibiofemoral Kinematics During Human Locomotion: Measured With External and Bone Markers [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1996.

Year

Entry

1992

Ateshian GA, Rosenwasser MP, Mow VC. Curvature characteristics and congruence of the thumb carpometacarpal joint: differences between female and male joints. J Biomech. June 1992;25(6):591-607.

1966

Viidik A, Lewin T. Changes in tensile strength characteristics and histology of rabbit ligaments induced by different modes of postmortal storage. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(2):141-155.

1993

Cole GK, Nigg BM, Ronsky JL, Yeadon MR. Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardization proposal. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4A):344-349.

1983

Brown TD, Shaw DT. In vitro contact stress distributions in the natural human hip. J Biomech. 1983;16(6):373-384.

1983

Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.

1980

Palmoski MJ, Colyer RA, Brandt KD. Joint motion in the absence of normal loading does not maintain normal articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. March 1980;23(3):325-334.

1988

Veldpaus FE, Woltring HJ, Dortmans JMG. A least-squares algorithm for the equiform transformation from spatial marker co-ordinates. J Biomech. 1988;21(1):45-54.

1990

Spoor CW, van Leeuwen JL, Meskers CGM, Titulaer AF, Huson A. Estimation of instantaneous moment arms of lower-leg muscles. J Biomech. 1990;23(12):1247-1259.

1996

Lichti DD. Constrained Finite Element Method Self-Calibration [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 1996.

1992

Soslowsky LJ, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU, Pawluk RJ, Ateshian GA, Mow VC. Quantitation of in situ contact areas at the glenohumeral joint: a biomechanical study. J Orthop Res. July 1992;10(4):524-534.

1995

Ronsky JL, Herzog W, Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Grood ES, Butler DL. In vivo quantification of the cat patellofemoral joint contact stresses and areas. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):977-983.

1983

Hoch DH, Grodzinsky AJ, Koob TJ, Albert ML, Eyre DR. Early changes in material properties of rabbit articular cartilage after meniscectomy. J Orthop Res. 1983;1(1):4-12.

1983

Ghosh SK. A close-range photogrammetric system for 3-D measurements and perspective diagramming in biomechanics. J Biomech. 1983;16(8):667-674.

1991

Brown TD, Pope DF, Hale JE, Buckwalter JA, Brand RA. Effects of osteochondral defect size on cartilage contact stress. J Orthop Res. 1991;9(4):559-567.

1995

Roos H, Adalberth T, Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS. Osteoarthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and age. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. December 1995;3(3):261-267.

1996

Hasler EM. In-Vivo Knee Loading Before and After ACL Transection in an Animal Model [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 1996.

1980

Wismans JSHM. A Three-Dimensional Mathematical Model of the Human Knee Joint [PhD thesis]. Eindhoven University of Technology; 1980.

1976

Hori RY, Mockros LF. Indentation tests of human articular cartilage. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):259-268.

1995

Challis JH. A procedure for determining rigid body transformation parameters. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):733-737.

1996

Maitland ME. Longitudinal Measurement of Tibial Motion Relative to the Femur During Passive Displacements and Femoral Nerve Stimulation in the ACL-Deficient Cat Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 1996.

1989

Mow VC, Gibbs MC, Lai WM, Zhu WB, Athanasiou KA. Biphasic indentation of articular cartilage, II: a numerical algorithm and an experimental study. J Biomech. 1989;22:853-861.

1976

Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Zindel M. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology, I: functional anatomy of the patello-femoral joint. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1976;58B(3):287-290.

1971

Greenwald AS, O'Connor JJ. The transmission of load through the human hip joint. J Biomech. December 1971;4(6):507-528.

1979

Scherrer PK, Hillberry BM. Piecewise mathematical representation of articular surfaces. J Biomech. 1979;12(4):301-311.

1976

Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Woods C. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology, II: chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1976;58B(3):291-299.

1980

Spoor CW, Veldpaus FE. Rigid body motion calculated from spatial co-ordinates of markers. J Biomech. 1980;13(4):391-393.

1990

Kelly MA, Fithian DC, Chern KY, Mow VC. Structure and function of the meniscus: basic and clinical implications. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 1. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:191-211.

1988

Siegler S, Chen J, Schneck CD. The three-dimensional kinematics and flexibility characteristics of the human ankle and subtalar joints, I: kinematics. J Biomech Eng. November 1988;110(4):364-373.

1972

Walker PS, Hajek JV. The load-bearing area in the knee joint. J Biomech. November 1972;5(6):581-589.

1970

Simon WH. Scale effects in animal joints, I: articular cartilage thickness and compressive stress. Arthritis Rheum. May–June 1970;13(3):244-255.

1986

Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.

1992

Lafortune MA, Cavanagh PR, Sommer HJ III, Kalenak A. Three-dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):347-357.

1993

Söderkvist I, Wedin P-Å. Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers. J Biomech. December 1993;26(12):1473-1477.

1991

Athanasiou KA, Rosenwasser MP, Buckwalter JA, Malinin TI, Mow VC. Interspecies comparisons of in situ intrinsic mechanical properties of distal femoral cartilage. J Orthop Res. May 1991;9(3):330-340.

1988

Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A. The envelope of passive knee joint motion. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):705-720.

1994

Ronsky JL. In-Vivo Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Contact Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1994.

1985

Huiskes R, Kremers J, de Lange A, Woltring HJ, Selvik G, van Rens TJG. Analytical stereophotogrammetric determination of three-dimensional knee-joint geometry. J Biomech. 1985;18(8):559-570.

1994

Ateshian GA, Kwak SD, Soslowsky LJ, Mow VC. A stereophotogrammetric method for determining in situ contact areas in diarthrodial joints, and a comparison with other methods. J Biomech. January 1994;27(1):111-124.

1990

Radin EL, Fyhrie D. Joint physiology and biomechanics. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:369-384.

1980

Wismans J, Veldpaus F, Janssen J, Huson A, Struben P. A three-dimensional mathematical model of the knee-joint. J Biomech. 1980;13(8):677-685.

1997

Eckstein F, Adam C, Sittek H, Becker C, Milz S, Schulte E, Reiser M, Putz R. Non-invasive determination of cartilage thickness throughout joint surfaces using magnetic resonance imaging. J Biomech. March 1997;30(3):285-289.

1996

Reinschmidt C. Three-Dimensional Tibiocalcaneal and Tibiofemoral Kinematics During Human Locomotion: Measured With External and Bone Markers [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1996.

Year	Entry
1999	Powers MJ. Human Patellofemoral Kinematics and Related Joint Surface Geometry [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 1999.
1999	Young D. Quantification of Patellar Tendon Biomechanical Properties: In Vitro and in Situ [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 1999.
2000	Kralovic BJ. The Effects of Patellofemoral Kinematics on Joint Congruence and Cartilage Stresses [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2000.
2001	Boyd SK. Microstructural Bone Adaptation in an Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2001.
2001	Moss RT. Quantification of Patellofemoral Contact Area Using MR Imaging, a Validation and Comparative Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2001.
2002	Baker SN. In-Vivo Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Contact Force Using a Mathematical Model [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2002.
2002	Couillard S. Cartilage Deformation of the Feline Patellofemoral Joint Obtained from Laser Scanning [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2002.

Year

Entry

1999

Powers MJ. Human Patellofemoral Kinematics and Related Joint Surface Geometry [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 1999.

1999

Young D. Quantification of Patellar Tendon Biomechanical Properties: In Vitro and in Situ [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 1999.

2000

Kralovic BJ. The Effects of Patellofemoral Kinematics on Joint Congruence and Cartilage Stresses [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2000.

2001

Boyd SK. Microstructural Bone Adaptation in an Experimental Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2001.

2001

Moss RT. Quantification of Patellofemoral Contact Area Using MR Imaging, a Validation and Comparative Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2001.

2002

Baker SN. In-Vivo Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Contact Force Using a Mathematical Model [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2002.

2002

Couillard S. Cartilage Deformation of the Feline Patellofemoral Joint Obtained from Laser Scanning [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2002.