Dynamic in Vivo Kinematics in an Ovine Stifle Joint Model of Osteoarthritis

Damage to the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments is a common injury in the human knee joint, causing pain and joint instability, and leading to an increased incidence of osteoarthritis. The ovine stifle joint provides an animal model in which to simultaneously investigate joint mechanics and joint biology in vivo. The foundation of this work was the development and validation of an accurate method for the measurement of dynamic in vivo kinematics of the ovine stifle joint. This method was shown to have sufficient accuracy and repeatability to detect small changes in position at the joint surface (0.4±0.4 mm) and to be used for serial measurements over time. Joint kinematics were measured in the intact ovine stifle joint, providing subject specific baseline data. Kinematics were then measured serially after either combined transection of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments, or sham surgery without transection. Within subject changes in kinematics were investigated at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after the intervention. Changes in the transected group were compared with changes in the sham group to determine the impact of ligament transection on joint kinematics. At 2 and 20 weeks after surgical intervention, the maximal anterior tibial position was significantly increased during mid-stance in the transected group (4.9±0.9 mm and 5.8±1.9 mm) compared to the sham operated group (0.2±0.2 mm and -0.1±0.1 mm). Early changes in joint flexion angle had normalized by 20 weeks after transection, but in addition to the anterior shift, the joint was significantly adducted (0.5±0.7°), and shifted in the medial (2.5±1.2 mm) and superior directions (1.6±0.4 mm). These changes in joint position after transection were shown to impact the joint system as a whole, with changes in the mechanical environment of the ligaments, the relative position and separation of the subchondral surfaces, and the magnitudes and directions of the relative velocities between the tibia and femur at the subchondral surfaces. These changes in the mechanical environment of the joint are expected to play a role in the degeneration of articular cartilage that is observed in this model of osteoarthritis.

Year	Entry
1999	Buschmann MD, Kim Y-J, Wong M, Frank E, Hunziker EB, Grodzinsky AJ. Stimulation of aggrecan synthesis in cartilage explants by cyclic loading is localized to regions of high interstitial fluid flow1. Arch Biochem Biophys. June 1, 1999;366(1):1-7.
1974	Noyes FR, DeLucas JL, Torvik PJ. Biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament failure: an analysis of strain-rate sensitivity and mechanisms of failure in primates. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1974;56A(2):236-253.
1975	Walker PS, Erkman MJ. The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1975;109:184-192.
1993	Dedrick DK, Goldstein SA, Brandt KD, O'Connor BL, Goulet RW, Albrecht M. A longitudinal study of subchondral plate and trabecular bone in cruciate-deficient dogs with osteoarthritis followed up for 54 months. Arthritis Rheum. October 1993;36(10):1460-1467.
2003	Tashman S, Anderst W. In-vivo measurement of dynamic joint motion using high speed biplane radiography and CT: application to canine ACL deficiency. J Biomech Eng. April 2003;125(2):238-245.
1974	Noyes FR, Torvik PJ, Hyde WB, DeLucas JL. Biomechanics of ligament failure, II: an analysis of immobilization, exercise, and reconditioning effects in primates. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1974;56A(7):1406-1418.
1983	Ahmed AM, Burke DL. In-vitro of measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints, I: tibial surface of the knee. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):216-225.
1993	Söderkvist I, Wedin P-Å. Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers. J Biomech. December 1993;26(12):1473-1477.
1998	Wu JZ, Herzog W, Epstein M. Articular joint mechanics with biphasic cartilage layers under dynamic loading. J Biomech Eng. February 1998;120(1):77-84.
1968	Maroudas A, Bullough P. Permeability of articular cartilage. Nature. September 21, 1968;219(5160):1260-1261.
1998	Sharma L, Hurwitz DE, Thonar EJ-MA, Sum JA, Lenz ME, Dunlop DD, Schnitzer TJ, Kirwan-Mellis G, Andriacchi TP. Knee adduction moment, serum hyaluronan level, and disease severity in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. July 1998;41(7):1233-1240.
2004	Lohmander LS, Östenberg A, Englund M, Roos H. High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, pain, and functional limitations in female soccer players twelve years after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Arthritis Rheum. October 2004;50(10):3145-3152.
1994	Guilak F, Ratcliffe A, Lane N, Rosenwasser MP, Mow VC. Mechanical and biochemical changes in the superficial zone of articular cartilage in canine experimental osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. July 1994;12(4):474-484.
2008	Caligaris M, Ateshian GA. Effects of sustained interstitial fluid pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. October 2008;16(10):1220-1227.
2004	Smith RL, Carter DR, Schurman DJ. Pressure and shear differentially alter human articular chondrocyte metabolism: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 2004;427(suppl):S89-S95.
1996	Blankevoort L, Huiskes R. Validation of a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech. July 1996;29(7):955-961.
1991	Blankevoort L, Kuiper JH, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. Articular contact in a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech. 1991;24(11):1019-1031.
1994	Holden JP, Grood ES, Korvick DL, Cummings JF, Butler DL, Bylski-Austrow DI. In vivo forces in the anterior cruciate ligament: direct measurements during walking and trotting in a quadruped. J Biomech. May 1994;27(5):517-526.
1991	Clark JM. Variation of collagen fiber alignment in a joint surface: a scanning electron microscope study of the tibial plateau in dog, rabbit, and man. J Orthop Res. March 1991;9(2):246-257.
1986	Akizuki S, Mow VC, Müller F, Pita JC, Howell DS, Manicourt DH. Tensile properties of human knee joint cartilage, I: influence of ionic conditions, weight bearing, and fibrillation on the tensile modulus. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(4):379-392.
1980	Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES. Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee: a biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1980;62A(2):259-270.
2001	Stacoff A, Reinschmidt C, Nigg BM, Van Den Bogert AJ, Lundberg A, Denoth J, Stüssi E. Effects of shoe sole construction on skeletal motion during running. Med Sci Sports Exer. February 2001;33(2):311-319.
2004	Carter DR, Beaupré GS, Wong M, Smith RL, Andriacchi TP, Schurman DJ. The mechanobiology of articular cartilage development and degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 2004;427(suppl):S69-S77.
1991	Blankevoort L, Huiskes R. Ligament-bone interaction in a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech Eng. August 1991;113(3):263-269.
1968	Walker PS, Dowson D, Longfield MD, Wright V. “Boosted lubrication” in synovial joints by fluid entrapment and enrichment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1968;27(6):512-520.
1973	Bullough P, Goodfellow J, O'Connor J. The relationship between degenerative changes and load-bearing in the human hip. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1973;55B(4):746-758.
1987	Kiviranta I, Jurvelin J, Tammi M, Säämäunen A-M, Helminen HJ. Weight bearing controls glycosaminoglycan concentration and articualr cartilage thickness in the knee joints of young beagle dogs. Arthritis Rheum. July 1987;30(7):801-809.
2006	Andriacchi TP, Briant PL, Bevill SL, Koo S. Rotational changes at the knee after ACL injury cause cartilage thinning. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 2006;442:39-44.
1994	Daniel DM, Stone ML, Dobson BE, Fithian DC, Rossman DJ, Kaufman KR. Fate of the ACL-injured patient: a prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med. September–October 1994;22(5):632-644.
2004	Andriacchi TP, Mündermann A, Smith RL, Alexander EJ, Dyrby CO, Koo S. A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng. March 2004;32(3):447-457.
1997	Ateshian GA. A theoretical formulation for boundary friction in articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. February 1997;119(1):81-86.
1997	Poole CA. Articular cartilage chondrons: form, function and failure. J Anat. 1997;191(1):1-13.
2009	Andriacchi TP, Koo S, Scanlan SF. Gait mechanics influence healthy cartilage morphology and osteoarthritis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. February 2009;91A(suppl 1):95-101.
1983	Chao EY, Laughman RK, Schneider E, Stauffer RN. Normative data of knee joint motion and ground reaction forces in adult level walking. J Biomech. 1983;16(3):219-233.
2007	Schmidt TA, Sah RL. Effect of synovial fluid on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. January 2007;15(1):35-47.
1980	Fukubayashi T, Kurosawa H. The contact area and pressure distribution pattern of the knee: a study of normal and osteoarthrotic knee joints. Acta Orthop Scand. December 1980;51(5):871-879.
1995	Ronsky JL, Herzog W, Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Grood ES, Butler DL. In vivo quantification of the cat patellofemoral joint contact stresses and areas. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):977-983.
1995	Guilak F, Ratcliffe A, Mow VC. Chondrocyte deformation and local tissue strain in articular cartilage: a confocal microscopy study. J Orthop Res. May 1995;13(3):410-421.
2001	Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. July 11, 2001;286(2):188-195.
1968	Maroudas A, Bullough P, Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR. The permeability of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg. February 1968;50B(1):166-177.
2002	Baliunas AJ, Hurwitz DE, Ryals AB, Karrar A, Case JP, Block JA, Andriacchi TP. Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. July 2002;10(7):573-579.
1991	Brandt KD, Myers SL, Burr D, Albrecht M. Osteoarthritic changes in canine articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium fifty-four months after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthritis Rheum. December 1991;34(12):1560-1570.
2003	Wong M, Siegrist M, Goodwin K. Cyclic tensile strain and cyclic hydrostatic pressure differentially regulate expression of hypertrophic markers in primary chondrocytes. Bone. October 2003;33(4):685-693.
1988	Carter DR, Wong M. The role of mechanical loading histories in the development of diarthrodial joints. J Orthop Res. 1988;6(6):804-816.
1973	Pond MJ, Nuki G. Experimentally-induced osteoarthritis in the dog. Ann Rheum Dis. July 1973;32(4):387-388.
1991	Woo SL-Y, Hollis JM, Adams DJ, Lyon RM, Takai S. Tensile properties of the human femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex: the effects of specimen age and orientation. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(3):217-225.
1983	Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.
1986	Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.
1996	Cappozzo A, Catani F, Leardini A, Benedetti M, Della Croce U. Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: experimental artefacts. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). March 1996;11(2):90-100.
1970	Muir H, Bullough P, Maroudas A. The distribution of collagen in human articular cartilage with some of its physiological implications. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1970;52B(3):554-563.
1976	Wright V, Dowson D. Lubrication and cartilage. J Anat. February 1976;121(pt 1):107-118.
1988	Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A. The envelope of passive knee joint motion. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):705-720.
1997	Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert AJ, Murphy N, Lundberg A, Nigg BM. Tibiocalcaneal motion during running, measured with external and bone markers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). January 1997;12(1):8-16.
1992	Lafortune MA, Cavanagh PR, Sommer HJ III, Kalenak A. Three-dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):347-357.
1988	Eggli PS, Hunzinker EB, Schenk RK. Quantitation of structural features characterizing weight- and less-weight-bearing regions in articular cartilage: a stereological analysis of medical femoral condyles in young adult rabbits. Anat Rec. November 1988;222(3):217-227.
2007	Schmidt TA, Gastelum NS, Nguyen QT, Schumacher BL, Sah RL. Boundary lubrication of articular cartilage: role of synovial fluid constituents. Arthritis Rheum. March 2007;56(3):882-891.
1998	Herzog W, Diet S, Suter E, Mayzus P, Leonard TR, Müller C, Wu JZ, Epstein M. Material and functional properties of articular cartilage and patellofemoral contact mechanics in an experimental model of osteoarthritis. J Biomech. December 1998;31(12):1137-1145.
1998	Beynnon BD, Fleming BC. Anterior cruciate ligament strain in-vivo: a review of previous work. J Biomech. June 1998;31(6):519-525.
1975	Maroudas A. Biophysical chemistry of cartilaginous tissues with special reference to solute and fluid transport. Biorheology. 1975;12(3-4):233-248.
1968	Kempson GE, Freeman MAR, Swanson SAV. Tensile properties of articular cartilage. Nature. December 14, 1968;220(5172):1127-1128.
2001	Kaufman KR, Hughes C, Morrey BF, Morrey M, An K-N. Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Biomech. July 2001;34(7):907-915.

Year

Entry

1999

Buschmann MD, Kim Y-J, Wong M, Frank E, Hunziker EB, Grodzinsky AJ. Stimulation of aggrecan synthesis in cartilage explants by cyclic loading is localized to regions of high interstitial fluid flow1. Arch Biochem Biophys. June 1, 1999;366(1):1-7.

1974

Noyes FR, DeLucas JL, Torvik PJ. Biomechanics of anterior cruciate ligament failure: an analysis of strain-rate sensitivity and mechanisms of failure in primates. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1974;56A(2):236-253.

1975

Walker PS, Erkman MJ. The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1975;109:184-192.

1993

Dedrick DK, Goldstein SA, Brandt KD, O'Connor BL, Goulet RW, Albrecht M. A longitudinal study of subchondral plate and trabecular bone in cruciate-deficient dogs with osteoarthritis followed up for 54 months. Arthritis Rheum. October 1993;36(10):1460-1467.

2003

Tashman S, Anderst W. In-vivo measurement of dynamic joint motion using high speed biplane radiography and CT: application to canine ACL deficiency. J Biomech Eng. April 2003;125(2):238-245.

1974

Noyes FR, Torvik PJ, Hyde WB, DeLucas JL. Biomechanics of ligament failure, II: an analysis of immobilization, exercise, and reconditioning effects in primates. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1974;56A(7):1406-1418.

1983

Ahmed AM, Burke DL. In-vitro of measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints, I: tibial surface of the knee. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):216-225.

1993

Söderkvist I, Wedin P-Å. Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers. J Biomech. December 1993;26(12):1473-1477.

1998

Wu JZ, Herzog W, Epstein M. Articular joint mechanics with biphasic cartilage layers under dynamic loading. J Biomech Eng. February 1998;120(1):77-84.

1968

Maroudas A, Bullough P. Permeability of articular cartilage. Nature. September 21, 1968;219(5160):1260-1261.

1998

Sharma L, Hurwitz DE, Thonar EJ-MA, Sum JA, Lenz ME, Dunlop DD, Schnitzer TJ, Kirwan-Mellis G, Andriacchi TP. Knee adduction moment, serum hyaluronan level, and disease severity in medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. July 1998;41(7):1233-1240.

2004

Lohmander LS, Östenberg A, Englund M, Roos H. High prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, pain, and functional limitations in female soccer players twelve years after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Arthritis Rheum. October 2004;50(10):3145-3152.

1994

Guilak F, Ratcliffe A, Lane N, Rosenwasser MP, Mow VC. Mechanical and biochemical changes in the superficial zone of articular cartilage in canine experimental osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. July 1994;12(4):474-484.

2008

Caligaris M, Ateshian GA. Effects of sustained interstitial fluid pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. October 2008;16(10):1220-1227.

2004

Smith RL, Carter DR, Schurman DJ. Pressure and shear differentially alter human articular chondrocyte metabolism: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 2004;427(suppl):S89-S95.

1996

Blankevoort L, Huiskes R. Validation of a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech. July 1996;29(7):955-961.

1991

Blankevoort L, Kuiper JH, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. Articular contact in a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech. 1991;24(11):1019-1031.

1994

Holden JP, Grood ES, Korvick DL, Cummings JF, Butler DL, Bylski-Austrow DI. In vivo forces in the anterior cruciate ligament: direct measurements during walking and trotting in a quadruped. J Biomech. May 1994;27(5):517-526.

1991

Clark JM. Variation of collagen fiber alignment in a joint surface: a scanning electron microscope study of the tibial plateau in dog, rabbit, and man. J Orthop Res. March 1991;9(2):246-257.

1986

Akizuki S, Mow VC, Müller F, Pita JC, Howell DS, Manicourt DH. Tensile properties of human knee joint cartilage, I: influence of ionic conditions, weight bearing, and fibrillation on the tensile modulus. J Orthop Res. 1986;4(4):379-392.

1980

Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES. Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee: a biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg. March 1980;62A(2):259-270.

2001

Stacoff A, Reinschmidt C, Nigg BM, Van Den Bogert AJ, Lundberg A, Denoth J, Stüssi E. Effects of shoe sole construction on skeletal motion during running. Med Sci Sports Exer. February 2001;33(2):311-319.

2004

Carter DR, Beaupré GS, Wong M, Smith RL, Andriacchi TP, Schurman DJ. The mechanobiology of articular cartilage development and degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 2004;427(suppl):S69-S77.

1991

Blankevoort L, Huiskes R. Ligament-bone interaction in a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech Eng. August 1991;113(3):263-269.

1968

Walker PS, Dowson D, Longfield MD, Wright V. “Boosted lubrication” in synovial joints by fluid entrapment and enrichment. Ann Rheum Dis. 1968;27(6):512-520.

1973

Bullough P, Goodfellow J, O'Connor J. The relationship between degenerative changes and load-bearing in the human hip. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1973;55B(4):746-758.

1987

Kiviranta I, Jurvelin J, Tammi M, Säämäunen A-M, Helminen HJ. Weight bearing controls glycosaminoglycan concentration and articualr cartilage thickness in the knee joints of young beagle dogs. Arthritis Rheum. July 1987;30(7):801-809.

2006

Andriacchi TP, Briant PL, Bevill SL, Koo S. Rotational changes at the knee after ACL injury cause cartilage thinning. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January 2006;442:39-44.

1994

Daniel DM, Stone ML, Dobson BE, Fithian DC, Rossman DJ, Kaufman KR. Fate of the ACL-injured patient: a prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med. September–October 1994;22(5):632-644.

2004

Andriacchi TP, Mündermann A, Smith RL, Alexander EJ, Dyrby CO, Koo S. A framework for the in vivo pathomechanics of osteoarthritis at the knee. Ann Biomed Eng. March 2004;32(3):447-457.

1997

Ateshian GA. A theoretical formulation for boundary friction in articular cartilage. J Biomech Eng. February 1997;119(1):81-86.

1997

Poole CA. Articular cartilage chondrons: form, function and failure. J Anat. 1997;191(1):1-13.

2009

Andriacchi TP, Koo S, Scanlan SF. Gait mechanics influence healthy cartilage morphology and osteoarthritis of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. February 2009;91A(suppl 1):95-101.

1983

Chao EY, Laughman RK, Schneider E, Stauffer RN. Normative data of knee joint motion and ground reaction forces in adult level walking. J Biomech. 1983;16(3):219-233.

2007

Schmidt TA, Sah RL. Effect of synovial fluid on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. January 2007;15(1):35-47.

1980

Fukubayashi T, Kurosawa H. The contact area and pressure distribution pattern of the knee: a study of normal and osteoarthrotic knee joints. Acta Orthop Scand. December 1980;51(5):871-879.

1995

Ronsky JL, Herzog W, Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Grood ES, Butler DL. In vivo quantification of the cat patellofemoral joint contact stresses and areas. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):977-983.

1995

Guilak F, Ratcliffe A, Mow VC. Chondrocyte deformation and local tissue strain in articular cartilage: a confocal microscopy study. J Orthop Res. May 1995;13(3):410-421.

2001

Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. July 11, 2001;286(2):188-195.

1968

Maroudas A, Bullough P, Swanson SAV, Freeman MAR. The permeability of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg. February 1968;50B(1):166-177.

2002

Baliunas AJ, Hurwitz DE, Ryals AB, Karrar A, Case JP, Block JA, Andriacchi TP. Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. July 2002;10(7):573-579.

1991

Brandt KD, Myers SL, Burr D, Albrecht M. Osteoarthritic changes in canine articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium fifty-four months after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Arthritis Rheum. December 1991;34(12):1560-1570.

2003

Wong M, Siegrist M, Goodwin K. Cyclic tensile strain and cyclic hydrostatic pressure differentially regulate expression of hypertrophic markers in primary chondrocytes. Bone. October 2003;33(4):685-693.

1988

Carter DR, Wong M. The role of mechanical loading histories in the development of diarthrodial joints. J Orthop Res. 1988;6(6):804-816.

1973

Pond MJ, Nuki G. Experimentally-induced osteoarthritis in the dog. Ann Rheum Dis. July 1973;32(4):387-388.

1991

Woo SL-Y, Hollis JM, Adams DJ, Lyon RM, Takai S. Tensile properties of the human femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex: the effects of specimen age and orientation. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19(3):217-225.

1983

Grood ES, Suntay WJ. A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: application to the knee. J Biomech Eng. May 1983;105(2):136-144.

1986

Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.

1996

Cappozzo A, Catani F, Leardini A, Benedetti M, Della Croce U. Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: experimental artefacts. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). March 1996;11(2):90-100.

1970

Muir H, Bullough P, Maroudas A. The distribution of collagen in human articular cartilage with some of its physiological implications. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1970;52B(3):554-563.

1976

Wright V, Dowson D. Lubrication and cartilage. J Anat. February 1976;121(pt 1):107-118.

1988

Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A. The envelope of passive knee joint motion. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):705-720.

1997

Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert AJ, Murphy N, Lundberg A, Nigg BM. Tibiocalcaneal motion during running, measured with external and bone markers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). January 1997;12(1):8-16.

1992

Lafortune MA, Cavanagh PR, Sommer HJ III, Kalenak A. Three-dimensional kinematics of the human knee during walking. J Biomech. April 1992;25(4):347-357.

1988

Eggli PS, Hunzinker EB, Schenk RK. Quantitation of structural features characterizing weight- and less-weight-bearing regions in articular cartilage: a stereological analysis of medical femoral condyles in young adult rabbits. Anat Rec. November 1988;222(3):217-227.

2007

Schmidt TA, Gastelum NS, Nguyen QT, Schumacher BL, Sah RL. Boundary lubrication of articular cartilage: role of synovial fluid constituents. Arthritis Rheum. March 2007;56(3):882-891.

1998

Herzog W, Diet S, Suter E, Mayzus P, Leonard TR, Müller C, Wu JZ, Epstein M. Material and functional properties of articular cartilage and patellofemoral contact mechanics in an experimental model of osteoarthritis. J Biomech. December 1998;31(12):1137-1145.

1998

Beynnon BD, Fleming BC. Anterior cruciate ligament strain in-vivo: a review of previous work. J Biomech. June 1998;31(6):519-525.

1975

Maroudas A. Biophysical chemistry of cartilaginous tissues with special reference to solute and fluid transport. Biorheology. 1975;12(3-4):233-248.

1968

Kempson GE, Freeman MAR, Swanson SAV. Tensile properties of articular cartilage. Nature. December 14, 1968;220(5172):1127-1128.

2001

Kaufman KR, Hughes C, Morrey BF, Morrey M, An K-N. Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Biomech. July 2001;34(7):907-915.

Year	Entry
2012	Beveridge JE. Surface Interactions and Cartilage Damage in Two Ovine Models of Stifle Injury [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2012.

Year

Entry

2012

Beveridge JE. Surface Interactions and Cartilage Damage in Two Ovine Models of Stifle Injury [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2012.