Developments of a Coupled Impact Model and a Design Criterion for Evaluation of Bicycle Helmet Effectiveness

Year	Entry
1971	Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE. Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates. J Biomech. 1971;4(1):13-21.
1987	Stalnaker RL, Low TC, Lin AC. Translational energy criteria and its correlation with head injury in the sub-human primate. In: Proceedings of the 1987 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1987; Birmingham, UK.223-238.
1970	Estes MS, McElhaney JH. Response of brain tissue of compressive loading. ASME Biomechanical & Human Factors Conference; May 31–June 3, 1970; Washington, DC.1-4. ASME Publication 70-BHF-13.
1972	Shuck LZ, Advani SH. Rheological response of human brain tissue in shear. J Basic Eng. December 1972;94(4):905-911.
1943	Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.
1981	Bowman BM, Schneider LW, Rohr PR, Mohan D. Simulation of head/neck impact responses for helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclists. In: Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. September 28-30, 1981; San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:13-68. SAE 811029.
1945	Holbourn AHS. The mechanics of brain injuries. Br Med Bull. January 1945;3(6):147-149.
1986	Colyer MM, Hallam JCF, Hui K, Lewis GDW, Morfey CL, Thorpe JE. User acceptability and economic benefits of hard-shell bicycle helmets: results of a UK survey. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.237-248.
1991	Rojanavanich V, Stalnaker RL. A development of approximate impedance functions to estimate general human head impact response for off-axis impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1991; Berlin, Germany.63-75.
1974	Chan HS. Mathematical model for closed head impact. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:557-578. SAE 741191.
1969	Fallenstein GT, Hulce VD, Melvin JW. Dynamic mechanical properties of human brain tissue. J Biomech. 1969;2(3):217-226.
1979	Nusholtz GS, Melvin JW, Alem NM. Head impact response comparisons of human surrogates. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:499-541. SAE 791020.
1975	Viano DC, Gadd CW. Significance of rate of onset in impact injury evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:807-819. SAE 751169.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
1967	Peerless SJ, Rewcastle NB. Shear injuries of the brain. Can Med Assoc J. March 11, 1967;96(10):577-582.
1988	Köstner H, Stocker UW. Improvement of the protective effects of motorcycle helmets based on a mathematical study. In: Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 14-16, 1988; Bergisch-Gladbach, West Germany.195-213.
1980	Nahum A, Ward C, Raasch E, Adams S, Schneider D. Experimental studies of side impact to the human head. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:45-62. SAE 801301.
1981	Nahum A, Ward C, Schneider D, Raasch F, Adams S. A study of impacts to the lateral protected and unprotected head. In: Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. September 28-30, 1981; San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:241-268. SAE 811006.
1979	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM. Acceleration induced shear strains in a monkey brain hemisection. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:589-611. SAE 791023.
1971	Stalnaker RL, Fogle JL, McElhaney JH. Driving point impedance characteristics of the head. J Biomech. March 1971;4(2):127-139.
1960	Lissner HR, Lebow M, Evans FG. Experimental studies on the relation between acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man. Surg Gynecol Obstet. September 1960;111(3):329-338.
1977	Stalnaker RL, Melvin JW, Nusholtz GS, Alem NM, Benson JB. Head impact response. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:305-335. SAE 770921.
1982	Kikuchi A, Ono K, Nakamuha N. Human head tolerance to lateral impact deduced from experimental head injuries using primates. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.251-261.
1986	Kroon PO, Bunketorp O, Romanus B. The protective effect of bicycle helmets: a study of paired samples in a computer-based accident material in Gothenburg, Sweden. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.249-260.
1971	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM. Comparison of head acceleration injury indices in cadaver skull fracture. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:190-206. SAE 710854.
1973	McElhaney JH, Stalnaker RL, Roberts VL. Biomechanical aspects of head injury. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:85-112.
1988	Rojanavanich V, Stalnaker RL. Parametric studies of the translational head injury model. In: Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 14-16, 1988; Bergisch-Gladbach, West Germany.181-194.
1990	Stalnaker RL, Rojanavanich V. A practical application of the translational energy criteria: evaluation of baseball and softball head impact injury potentials. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-14, 1990; Lyon, France.225-243.
1970	Hirsch AE, Ommaya AK. Protection from brain injury: the relative significance of translational and rotational motions of the head after impact. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:144-151. SAE 700899.
1986	Ulman MS, Stalnaker RL. Evaluation of the AIS as a measure of probability of death. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.105-119.
1968	Ommaya AK. Mechanical properties of tissues of the nervous system. J Biomech. 1968;1(2):127-136.
1978	Pamidi MR, Advani SH. Nonlinear constitutive relations for human brain tissue. J Biomech Eng. February 1978;100(1):44-48.
1961	Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR. Photoelastic confirmation of the presence of shear strains at the craniospinal junction in closed head injury. J Neurosurg. January 1961;18(1):58-60.
1985	Stalnaker RL, Lin CA, Guenther DA. The application of the new mean strain criterion (NMSC). In: Proceedings of the 1985 International IRCOBI/AAAM Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1985; Göteborg, Sweden.191-209.
1988	Mills NJ, Gilchrist A, Rowland FJ. Mathematical modelling of the effectiveness of helmets in head protection. In: Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 14-16, 1988; Bergisch-Gladbach, West Germany.215-226.
1989	Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC. A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets. NEJM. May 25, 1989;320(21):1361-1367.
1989	Rojanavanich V, Stalnaker RL. Sensitivity analysis for the translational energy criteria: overall head injuries. In: Proceedings of the 1989 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1989; Stockholm, Sweden.13-25.
1969	Kopecky JA, Ripperger EA. Closed brain injuries: an engineering analysis. J Biomech. March 1969;2(1):29-34.
1984	Alem NM, Nusholtz GS, Melvin JW. Head and neck response to axial impacts. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:275-288. SAE 841667.
1975	Ward CC, Thompson RB. The development of a detailed finite element brain model. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:641-674. SAE 751163.
1969	Stalnaker RL. Mechanical Properties of the Head [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 1969.
1979	Nahum AM, Smith R, Raasch F, Ward C. Intracranial pressure relationships in the protected and unprotected head. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:615-636. SAE 791024.
1979	Ward C, Nahum A. Correlation between brain injury and intracranial pressures in experimental head impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.133-142.
1978	Got C, Patel A, Fayon A, Tarrière C, Walfisch G. Results of experimental head impacts on cadavers: the various data obtained and their relations to some measured physical parameters. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:57-99. SAE 780887.
1970	Galford JE, McElhaney JH. A viscoelastic study of scalp, brain, and dura. J Biomech. 1970;3(2):211-221.
1988	Kooi J, Wismans J, Versmissen ACM. Impact absorbing surfaces: injury prevention in playgrounds. In: Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 14-16, 1988; Bergisch-Gladbach, West Germany.287-297.
1980	Newman JA. Head injury criteria in automotive crash testing. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:703-747. SAE 801317.
1968	Hodgson VR, Patrick LM. Dynamic response of the human cadaver head compared to a simple mathematical model. In: Proceedings of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 22-23, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:280-301. SAE 680784.
1974	Alem NM. Simulation of head injury due to combined rotation and translation of the brain. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:579-598. SAE 741192.
1970	Melvin JW, McElhaney JH, Roberts VL. Development of a mechanical model of the human head: determination of tissue properties and synthetic substitute materials. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:221-240. SAE 700903.
1981	Walfisch G, Fayon A, Tarriere C, Chamouard F, Guillon F, Got C, Patel A, Hureau J. Human head tolerance to impact: influence of the jerk (rate of onset of linear acceleration) on the occurrence of brain injurie. In: Proceedings of the 1981 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1981; Salon de Provence, France.286-296.
1970	Brinn J, Staffeld SE. Evaluation of impact test accelerations: a damage index for the head and torso. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:188-220. SAE 700902.
1967	Hodgson VR, Gurdjian ES, Thomas LM. The determination of response characteristics of the head with emphasis on mechanical impedance techniques. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:125-138. SAE 670911.
1967	Fung YCB. Elasticity of soft tissues in simple elongation. Am J Physiol. December 1967;213(6):1532-1544.