The Injury Severity Score:​ an update

Baker, Susan P.; O'Neill, Brian

Year	Entry
2010	Schmitt K-U, Niederer PF, Muser MH, Walz F. Trauma Biomechanics: Accidental Injury in Traffic and Sports. 2nd ed. Deidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2010.
1977	Lummis M, McSwain NE Jr. Impact of motorcycle helmet law repeal. In: 21st Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 15-17, 1977; Vancouver, BC.1-13.
1978	MacKenzie EJ, Garthe EA, Gibson G. Evaluating the Abbreviated Injury Scale. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.55-66.
1981	MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Eastham J, Whitney B. Reliability testing of the AIS'80. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1981; San Francisco, CA.271-279.
1983	Nelson WR, McMurtry RY, Pickard JJ, Flafferty D. A data collection program for monitoring and modifying an EMS system. In: 27th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-6, 1983; San Antonio, TX.311-322.
1984	MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Moody M, Smith R. Predicting post-trauma functional disability for individuals without significant brain injury. In: 28th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 8-10, 1984; Denver, CO.173-187.
1988	McLellan BA, Koch PJ, Wortzman D, Rogers C, Szalai J, Williams D. Early identification of the high risk patient using the estimated injury severity score and age. In: 32nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 12-14, 1988; Seattle, WA.173-186.
1990	Agran PF, Winn DG, Castillo DN. Pediatric motor vehicle-bicycle collision injuries. In: 34th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1990; Scottsdale, AZ.1-11.
1990	Rogers CD, Pagliarello G, Nelson WR. Environmental and rider related factors in snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle and dirtbike crashes. In: 34th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1990; Scottsdale, AZ.57-67.
1993	Sampalis JS, Lavoie A, Nikolis A. Preventable death classification: inter rater reliability and comparison with ISS based survival probability estimates. In: 37th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 4-6, 1993; San Antonio, TX.219-236.
1996	Garthe EA, Ferguson SA, Early N. A method for converting injury severity in NASS93 (AIS90) to NASS88 (AIS85). In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1996; Vancouver, BC.477-493.
1996	Van Camp L, Dechamps M, Sabbe M, Vanderschot P, Delooz H, Broos P. Assessement of the predictive validity of the injury impairment scale in multiple injured patients with a head injury. In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1996; Vancouver, BC.199-212.
2000	Segui-Gomez M, Graham JD. Patterns of injury among drivers hospitalized in Level-I trauma centers: have frontal airbags made a difference? In: 44th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 2-4, 2000; Chicago, IL.
2001	Di Scala C, Sege R, Li G. Outcomes of pediatric pedestrian injuries by locations of event. In: 45th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 24-26, 2001; San Antonio, TX.
2006	Moore L, Lavoie A, Le Sage N, Bergeron E. Consensus or data-derived anatomical severity scoring? In: 50th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 2006; Chicago, IL.269-284.
2013	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Humm JR, Stadter GW, Curry WH, Brasel KJ. Comparison of AIS 1990 update 98 versus AIS 2005 for describing PMHS injuries in lateral and oblique sled tests. In: 57th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-25, 2013; Quebec City, QC.197-207.
1997	Gotschall CS, Eichelberger MR, Morrissey JR, Better AI, Reardon J, Bents F. Injury patterns associated with child restraint misuse. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Child Occupant Protection Symposium. November 12, 1997; Orlando, FL.187-193. SAE 973311.
2001	Lie A, Kullgren A, Tingvall C. Comparison of Euro NCAP test results with Folksam car model safety ratings. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
1982	Ono K, Sato T. Review of MOT vehicle accident investigation in past seven years. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.606-616.
1985	Richardson FG, Costello FB. Large scale data collection systems: the NASS experience. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.525-530. SAE 856071.
1985	Gustafsson H, Nygren A, Tingvall C. Rating system for serious consequences (RSC) due to traffic accidents: risk of death or permanent disability. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.556-560. SAE 856075.
2003	Hell W, Höpfl F, Langwieder K, Lang D. Cervical spine distortion injuries in various car collision directions and injury incidence of different car types in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.193-206.
2010	Helmer T, Samaha RR, Scullion P, Ebner A, Kates R. Kinematical, physiological, and vehicle-related influences on pedestrian injury severity in frontal vehicle crashes: multivariate analysis and cross-validation. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.181-198.
2024	Krampe J, Junge M. Enhancing data in national crash statistics using an in-depth study. In: Proceedings of the 2024 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2024; Stockholm, Sweden.955-980.
1983	Somers RL. The probability of death score: an improvement of the injury severity score. Accid Anal Prev. 1983;15(4):247-257.
2011	Rosén E, Stigson H, Sander U. Literature review of pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accid Anal Prev. January 2011;43(1):25-33.
1984	MacKenzie EJ. Injury severity scales: overview and directions for future research. Am J Emerg Med. November 1984;2(6):537-549.
1990	Morris JA, MacKenzie EJ, Edelstein SL. The effect of preexisting conditions on mortality in trauma patients. JAMA. April 11, 1990;263(14):1942-1946.
1987	Boyd CR, Tolson MA, Copes WS. Evaluating trauma care: the TRISS method. J Trauma. April 1987;27(4):370-378.
1988	Copes WS, Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Lawnick MM, Keast SL, Bain LW. The Injury Severity Score revisited. J Trauma. January 1988;28(1):69-77.
1988	MacKenzie EJ, Siegel JH, Shapiro S, Moody M, Smith RT. Functional recovery and medical costs of trauma: an analysis by type and severity of injury. J Trauma. March 1988;28(3):281-297.
1989	Finelli FC, Jonsson J, Champion HR, Morelli S, Fouty WJ. A case control study for major trauma in geriatric patients. J Trauma. May 1989;29(5):541-548.
1995	Burgess AR, Dischinger PC, O'Quinn TD, Schmidhauser CB. Lower extremity injuries in drivers of airbag-equipped automobiles: clinical and crash reconstruction correlations. J Trauma. April 1995;38(4):509-516.
2003	Orzechowski KM, Edgerton EA, Bulas DI, McLaughlin PM, Eichelberger MR. Patterns of injury to restrained children in side impact motor vehicle crashes: the side impact syndrome. J Trauma. June 2003;54(6):1094-1101.
2019	Bollapragada V. The Influence of Disabling Injuries on the Design of the Vehicle Front End for Pedestrian Safety [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2019.

Year	Entry
1976	The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1976 Revision. Morton Grove, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM); 1976.
1975	Champion HR, Sacco W, Ashman W, Long WB, Gill W. An anatomical injury scale in multiple trauma victims. In: 19th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 20, 1975; San Diego, CA.375-382.
1974	Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. March 1974;14(3):187-196.
1975	Bull JP. The injury severity score of road traffic casualties in relation to mortality, time of death, hospital treatment time and disability. Accid Anal Prev. December 1975;7(4):249-255.