The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1976 Revision

Year	Entry
1981	Hurt HH Jr, Ouellet JV, Thom DR. Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures: Volume I: Technical Report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept of Transportation; January 1981. NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS 805 862.
1982	Kahane CJ. An Evaluation of Head Restraints: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 202. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Dept of Transportation; February 1982. NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS 806 108.
1986	Kahane CJ. An Evaluation of Child Passenger Safety: The Effectiveness and Benefits of Safety Seats. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); February 1986. NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS 806 890.
1989	Kahane CJ. An Evaluation of Door Locks and Roof Crush Resistance of Passenger Car: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 206 and 216. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; November 1989. NHTSA Technical Report DOT HS 807 489.
1976	Kroell CK. Thoracic response to blunt frontal loading. In: The Human Thorax: Anatomy, Injury, and Biomechanics. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers; 1976:49-77.
1975	Waller JA, Naughton TJ Jr, Gibson TC, Eberhard JW. Methodologic and other issues concerning medical impairment to driving. In: 19th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 20, 1975; San Diego, CA.189-200.
1976	Mohan D, Zador P, O’Neill B, Ginsburg M. Air bags and lap/shoulder belts: a comparison of their effectiveness in real world, frontal crashes. In: 20th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 1-3, 1976; Atlanta, GA.315-335.
1977	Bourbeau RR, Laberge-Nadeau C. Road injuries in Quebec (1974): nature, severity and direct costs. In: 21st Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 15-17, 1977; Vancouver, BC.260-271.
1977	Kahane CJ, Fell JC, Smith RA. The National Accident Sampling System: a status report. In: 21st Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 15-17, 1977; Vancouver, BC.412-434.
1977	Karlson TA, Baker SP, Morton BF. Fatally injured truck drivers. In: 21st Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 15-17, 1977; Vancouver, BC.367-376.
1978	Hames LN, Petrucelli E. Feasibility of designating medical examiners for interstate commercial drivers. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.107-124.
1978	Huang LC, Marsh JC IV. AIS and threat to life. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.242-254.
1978	Marsh JC, Flora JD, Kornfield SM, Bailey J. Results of financial and functional consequences of injury: a pilot clinical study. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.300-318.
1978	Nordentoft EL, Kruse T, Nielsen HV, Weeth R. The effect of mandatory seat belt legislation on mortality and morbidity in Denmark. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.181-191.
1978	Stansifer RL, Romberg RA. An analysis of accidents involving buses and an assessment of the need for safety belt requirements in such vehicles. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.203-215.
1978	Viano DC, Haut RC, Golocovsky M, Absolon K. Factors influencing biomechanical response and closed chest trauma in experimental thoracic impacts. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.67-82.
1980	Cromack JR. Highlights of NHTSA's occupant restraint programs to 1979. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1980; Rochester, NY.379-395.
1980	Le Bourdais C, Laberge-Nadeau C, Bourbeau RR. Pedestrian injuries and medical treatment. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1980; Rochester, NY.316-327.
1980	Partyka SC. A comparison of AIS and ISS predictions of fatality on NCSS. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1980; Rochester, NY.156-169.
1980	Slocum RW, Vila JJ. Societal and personal cost of motor vehicle accident injuries and disabilities in Ontario. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1980; Rochester, NY.308-315.
1981	Ouellet JV, Hurt HH Jr. Groin injuries in motorcycle accidents. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1981; San Francisco, CA.237-.
1981	Routson GW, States JD. Causes and consequences of lower extremity injuries. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1981; San Francisco, CA.1-14.
1981	Somers RL. The probability of death score: an improvement of the injury severity score. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1981; San Francisco, CA.281-290.
1982	Gimotty PA, Chirachavala T. Models for the prediction of severe injury. In: 26th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 4-6, 1982; Ottawa, ON.63-76.
1982	Ouellet JV. Environmental hazards in motorcycle accidents. In: 26th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 4-6, 1982; Ottawa, ON.117-129.
1983	Reidelbach W, Zeidler F. Comparison of injury severity assigned to lower extremity skeletal damages versus upper body lesions. In: 27th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-6, 1983; San Antonio, TX.141-155.
1984	Eastham JN Jr. A construct validity analysis of the Abbreviated Injury Scale. In: 28th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 8-10, 1984; Denver, CO.155-171.
1985	Backaitis SH, Dalmotas D. Injury patterns and injury sources of unrestrained and three point belt restrained car occupants in injury producing frontal collisions. In: 29th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1985; Washington, DC.365-391.
1985	Otte D, Kalbe P, Appel H. Differences of injury patterns and accident kinematics of motorized and non-motorized two-wheelers. In: 29th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1985; Washington, DC.335-352.
2001	Neal-Sturgess CE, Hassan A, Cuerden R. The relationship of AIS to peak virtual power. In: 45th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 24-26, 2001; San Antonio, TX.
2009	Barnes J, Hassan A, Cuerden R, Cookson R, Kohlhofer J. Comparison of injury severity between AIS 2005 and AIS 1990 in a large injury database. In: 53rd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 5-7, 2009; Baltimore, MD.83-89.
2003	Martin PG, Eppinger RH. Injury survivability. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
1976	Sabey BE. Accident studies related to vehicle safety. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 12-15, 1976; Washington, D.C.489-493.
1980	Eppinger RH, Partyka SC. Estimating fatality reductions associated with safety improvements. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 21-24, 1980; Wolfsburg, Germany.432-438.
1985	Costanzo A. General problems concerning car-pedestrian collision. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.943-948. SAE 856109.
1987	Eppinger R. On the examination of biases in the Abbreviated Injury Scale. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 12-15, 1987; Washington, DC.253-257.
1989	Pedder JB, Hurt HH, Otte D. Motorcycle accident impact conditions as a basis for motorcycle crash tests. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.1297-1307.
1991	Walz F, Langwieder K. A proposal for a simplified injury scale “sais 9” for use in large scale accident studies. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.162-180.
1976	Kraus JF, Franti CE, Riggins RS, Borhani NO. Epidemiological and clinical features of spinal-cord lesions from motorcycle crashes. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.92-101.
1976	Riggins RS, Kraus JF, Franti CE, Borhani NO. Epidemiological and clinical features of spinal-cord injured pedestrians. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.225-232.
1976	Stürtz G, Suren EG. Kinematic of real pedestrian and two-wheel rider accidents and special aspects of the pedestrian accident. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.1-23.
1976	Tharp KJ, Tsongos NG. Injury severity factor: traffic pedestrian collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.55-64.
1977	Behrens S, Suren EG, Gotzen L, Stürtz G. Injury patterns caused by seat belts. In: Proceedings of the 1977 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-9, 1977; Berlin, Germany.80-92.
1977	Nielsen HV, Weeth R, Eriksen E. Lesions in belted car riders from oblique and lateral impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1977 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-9, 1977; Berlin, Germany.180-193.
1978	Griffiths DK, Gebbels DR, Mackay GM. Some observations on the reconstruction of a side impact accident. In: Proceedings of the 1978 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-13, 1978; Lyon, France.157-170.
1978	Stuertz G. Repetition of real-child pedestrian accidents using a high instrumented dummy. In: Proceedings of the 1978 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-13, 1978; Lyon, France.234-247.
1978	Viano DC. Thoracic injury potential. In: Proceedings of the 1978 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-13, 1978; Lyon, France.142-156.
1979	Gloyns PF, Hayes HRM, Rattenbury SJ, Thomas PD, Mills HC, Griffiths DK. Lower limb injuries to car occupants in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.105-121.
1979	Gloyns PF, Hayes HRM, Griffiths DK, Rattenbury SJ, Thomas PD, Mills HC. An analysis of the field performance of some steering systems complying with current safety legislation. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.275-291.
1979	Kruse T, Jorgensen K, Nielsen HV, Nordentoft EL. AIS as a measure of injury related incapacitation time among selected age and sex groups. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.1-12.
1979	Mattern R, Barz J, Schulz F, Kallieris D, Schmidt G. Problems arising when using injury scales in the biomechanical investigation with special consideration of the age influence. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.223-231.
1979	Pedder JB, Hagues SB, Mackay GM. A study of 93 fatal two-wheeled motor vehicle accidents. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.24-38.
1980	Roy AP, Mackay GM, Gloyns PF. Some observations on the modelling of children in car collisions based on field accident investigations. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.286-304.
1980	Stürtz G. Correlation of dummy-loadings with real injuries of children by repetition tests. In: Proceedings of the 1980 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1980; Birmingham, England.194-208.
1981	McLean AJ. The severity and consequences of injuries in urban traffic accidents. In: Proceedings of the 1981 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1981; Salon de Provence, France.12-19.
1981	Pedder JB, Hagues SB, Mackay GM, Roberts BJ. A study of two-wheeled vehicle casualties treated at a city hospital. In: Proceedings of the 1981 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1981; Salon de Provence, France.111-127.
1981	Quincy R, Ramet M, Uny C. Truck accident investigations: analysis of occupant injuries. In: Proceedings of the 1981 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1981; Salon de Provence, France.70-77.
1981	Schuller E, Beier G. Satety helmets shell material and head injury incidence in motorcycle accidents. In: Proceedings of the 1981 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1981; Salon de Provence, France.184-192.
1981	Stürtz G. Anthropometry and traumatology of the pelvis of children. In: Proceedings of the 1981 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1981; Salon de Provence, France.355-362.
1982	Kalbe P, Otte D, Suren EG. Biomechanics and consequences of typical injuries to selected groups of road users: results after 10 years of accident research at Hannover. In: Proceedings of the 1982 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1982; Cologne, Germany.76-89.
1984	Otte D, Jessl P, Suren EG. Impact points and resultant injuries to the head of motor-cyclists involved in accidents, with and without crash helmets. In: Proceedings of the 1984 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 4-6, 1984; Delft, The Netherlands.47-64.
1978	Eppinger RH, Augustyn K, Robbins DH. Development of a promising universal thoracic trauma prediction methodology. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:211-268. SAE 780891.
1978	Walsh MJ, Kelleher BJ. Evaluation of air cushion and belt restraint systems in identical crash situations using dummies and cadavera. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:295-339. SAE 780893.
1979	Shanks JE, Thompson AL. Injury mechanisms to fully restrained occupants. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:19-38. SAE 791003.
1980	Ashton SJ. A preliminary assessment of the potential for pedestrian injury reduction through vehicle design. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:609-635. SAE 801315.
1981	Beier G, Schuller E, Spann W. Risk and effectiveness of seat belts in munich area automobile accidents. In: Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference. September 28-30, 1981; San Francisco, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:765-788. SAE 811023.
1982	Kallieris D, Mellander H, Schmidt G, Barz J, Mattern R. Comparison between frontal impact tests with cadavers and dummies in a simulated true car restrained environment. In: Proceedings of the 26th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 20-21, 1982; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:353-367. SAE 821170.
1990	States JD, Viano DC. Injury impairment and disability scales to assess the permanent consequences of trauma. Accid Anal Prev. April 1990;22(2):151-159.
1979	Mohan D, Bowman BM, Snyder RG, Foust DR. A biomechanical analysis of head impact injuries to children. J Biomech Eng. November 1979;101(4):250-260.
1976	Baker SP, O'Neill B. The Injury Severity Score: an update. J Trauma. November 1976;16(11):882-885.
1981	Lau V-K, Viano DC. Influence of impact velocity on the severity of nonpenetrating hepatic injury. J Trauma. February 1981;21(2):115-123.
1981	Lau V-K, Viano DC. Influence of impact velocity and chest compression on experimental pulmonary injury severity in rabbits. J Trauma. December 1981;22(12):1022-1028.
1988	Copes WS, Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Lawnick MM, Keast SL, Bain LW. The Injury Severity Score revisited. J Trauma. January 1988;28(1):69-77.
1994	Irwin AL. Analysis and CAL3D Model of the Shoulder and Thorax Responses of Seven Cadavers Subjected to Lateral Impacts [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1994.