Head and cervical spine responses of post mortem human subjects in moderate speed rear impacts

wbldb

Kang, Yun‐Seok¹; Moorhouse, Kevin²; Icke, Kyle¹; Herriott, Rod³; Bolte, IV, John¹

Head and cervical spine responses of post mortem human subjects in moderate speed rear impacts

Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury

Affiliations

¹Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University

²National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

³Transportation Research Center Inc.
Abstract and keywords

The objective of this study was to obtain head and cervical spine responses of post mortem human subjects (PMHS) in moderate speed rear impacts while positioned in production seats. Instrumentation used to measure biomechanical responses of the PMHS included both accelerometers and angular rate sensors (ARS). A total of seven sled tests using seven PMHS (males 181.9 ± 3.9 cm of stature and 79.0 ± 4.7 kg of weight) were conducted in several moderate speed rear impact test conditions (FMVSS 202a, JNCAP and 10.5g, 24 km/h). Results show that the intervertebral rotations of the cervical vertebrae were relative flexion rotations although all cervical vertebrae rotated rearward in the global coordinate system. This relative flexion rotation occurred in all three moderate speed conditions and at all intervertebral levels: 4.2 ± 2.8 degrees for C2/C3, 4.0 ± 2.3 degrees for C3/C4, 6.3 ± 3.8 degrees for C4/C5, 6.1 ± 3.5 degrees for C5/C6, and 5.8 ± 3.2 degrees for C6/C7. Although the cervical flexion kinematics observed in this study in production seats are not representative of the traditional neck extension kinematics attributed to whiplash‐type cervical spine injuries, results indicated that intervertebral flexion kinematics might also be regarded as an additional potential injury mechanism of the cervical spine in moderate speed rear impacts.

Keywords: Cervical spine injury, whiplash, rear impacts, intervertebral kinematics
Links

URL: http://www.ircobi.org/downloads/irc14/pdf_files/33.pdf

Cited Works (22)

Year	Entry
2000	Bertholon N, Robin S, Le-Coz J-Y, Potier P, Lassau J-P, Skalli W. Human head and cervical spine behaviour during low-speed rearend impacts: PMHS sled tests with a rigid seat. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.265-289.
2009	White NA, Begeman PC, Hardy WN, Yang KH, Ono K, Sato F, Kamiji K, Yasuki T, Bey MJ. Investigation of upper body and cervical spine kinematics of post mortem human subjects (PMHS) during low-speed, rear-end impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 20-23, 2009; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2009-01-0387.
1993	McConnell WE, Howard RP, Guzman HM, Bomar JB, Raddin JH, Benedict JV, Smith HL, Hatsell CP. Analysis of human test subject kinematic responses to low velocity rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. March 1-5, 1993; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:21-30. SAE 930889.
2000	Yoganandan N, Pintar F, Stemper BD, Schlick MB, Philippens M, Wisman J. Biomechanics of human occupants in simulated rear crashes: documentation of neck injuries and comparison of injury criteria. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:189-204. SAE 2000-01-SC14.
1998	van den Kroonenberg A, Philippens M, Cappon H, Wismans J, Hell W, Langwieder K. Human head-neck response during low-speed rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-221. SAE 983158.
2001	Siegmund GP, Heinrichs BE, Lawrence JM, Philippens MMGM. Kinetic and kinematic responses of the RID2a, Hybrid III and human volunteers in low-speed rear-end collisions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:239-256. SAE 2001-22-0011.
1994	Geigl BC, Steffan H, Leinzinger P, Roll P, Mühlbauer M, Bauer G. The movement of head and cervical spine during rearend impact. In: Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.127-137.
1977	Hu AS, Bean SP, Zimmerman RM. Response of belted dummy and cadaver to rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:589-625. SAE 770929.
2000	Deng B, Begeman PC, Yang KH, Tashman S, King AI. Kinematics of human cadaver cervical spine during low speed rear-end impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:171-188. SAE 2000-01-SC13.
2012	Kang Y-S, Bolte JH IV, Moorhouse K, Donnelly B, Herriott R, Mallory A. Biomechanical responses of PMHS in moderate-speed rear impacts and development of response targets for evaluating the internal and external biofidelity of ATDs. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:105-170.
1967	Mertz HJ Jr, Patrick LM. Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:267-317. SAE 670919.
2006	Yoganandan N, Zhang J, Pintar FA, Liu YK. Lightweight low-profile nine-accelerometer package to obtain head angular accelerations in short-duration impacts. J Biomech. 2006;39(7):1347-1354.
2011	Kang Y-S, Moorhouse K, Bolte JH. Measurement of six degrees of freedom head kinematics in impact conditions employing six accelerometers and three angular rate sensors (6aω configuration). J Biomech Eng. November 2011;133(11):111007.
1999	Davidsson J, Flogård A, Lörvsund P, Svensson MY. BioRID P3: design and performance compared to Hybrid Iii and volunteers in rear impacts of ΔV=7 km/h. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:253-265. SAE 99SC16.
2012	Stammen JA, Herriott R, Kang Y-S, Dupaix R, Bolte J IV. Dynamic properties of the upper thoracic spine-pectoral girdle (UTS-PG) system and corresponding kinematics in PMHS sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:65-104.
1997	Siegmund GP, King DJ, Lawrence JM, Wheeler JB, Brault JR, Smith TA. Head/neck kinematic response of human subjects in low-speed rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:357-385. SAE 973341.
1996	Ono K, Kanno M. Influences of the physical parameters on the risk to neck injuries in low impact speed rear-end collisions. Accid Anal Prev. 1996;28(4):493-499.
1997	Ono K, Kaneoka K, Wittek A, Kajzer J. Cervical injury mechanism based on the analysis of human cervical vertebral motion and head-neck-torso kinematics during low speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-356. SAE 973340.
2000	Philippens M, Wismans J, Cappon H, Yoganandan N, Pintar F. Whole body kinematics using post mortem human subjects in experimental rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.363-378.
1996	Kallieris D, Rizzetti A, Mattern R, Thunnissen J, Philippens M. Cervical human spine loads during traumatomechanical investigations. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.89-106.
1998	Davidsson J, Svensson MY, Flogård A, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Linder A, Lövsund P, Wiklund K. BioRID I: a new biofidelic rear impact dummy. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.377-390.
2009	Ikari T, Kaito K, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K, Ono K. Japan new car assessment program for minor neck injury protection in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.

Cited By (6)

Year	Entry
2019	Kang Y-S, Moorhouse K, Bolte JH IV. Head trajectories of post mortem human surrogates in moderate-speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2019; Florence, Italy.102-118.
2021	Humm J, Purushothaman Y, Umale S, Yoganandan N. Segmental motion response corridors of female cervical spines from Gx accelerative loading. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.660-661.
2021	Kang Y-S, Millis W, Thomas C, Stricklin J, Willis A, Pradhan V, Tesny A, Kwon HJ, Ramachandra R, Moorhouse K. Head-to-T1 relative rotation of the BioRID-II, Hybrid III, and post mortem human subjects with increased backsets in moderate-speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.732-752.
2023	DeWitt T, Pradhan V, Kang Y-S. Evaluation of head and cervical spine kinematics of GHBMC M50-O and THUMS AM50 occupants in moderate-speed rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 2023 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-165, 2023; Cambridge, United Kingdom.383-397.
2017	Kitagawa Y, Hayashi S, Yamada K, Gotoh M. Occupant kinematics in simulated autonomous driving vehicle collisions: influence of seating position, direction and angle. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2017;61:101-155. SAE 2017-22-0005.
2023	Soltan Mohammadzadeh N. Cervical Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in an in-Vivo Porcine Model of Simulated Whiplash Loading [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2023.