Validation of neck injury criteria using reconstructed real-life rear-end crashes with recorded crash pulses

wbldb

Kullgren, Anders¹; Eriksson, Linda^3,4; Boström, Ola²; Krafft, Maria¹

Validation of neck injury criteria using reconstructed real-life rear-end crashes with recorded crash pulses

Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV)

Affiliations

¹Folksam Research, Sweden

²Autoliv Research, Sweden

³Autoliv Sweden

⁴Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
Abstract

To date no AIS1 neck injury mechanism has been established, thus no neck injury criterion has been validated against such mechanism. Validation methods not related to an injury mechanism may be used. The aim of this paper was to validate different proposed neck injury criteria with reconstructed reallife crashes with recorded crash pulses and with known injury outcomes.

A car fleet of more than 40,000 cars fitted with crash pulse recorders have been monitored in Sweden since 1996. All crashes with these cars, irrespective of repair cost and injury outcome have been reported. With the inclusion criteria of the three most represented car models, single rear-end crashes with a recorded crash pulse, and front seat occupants with no previous long-term AIS1 neck injury, 79 crashes with 110 front seat occupants remained to be analysed in this study. Madymo models of a BioRID II dummy in the three different car seats were exposed to the recorded crash pulses. The dummy readings were correlated to the real-life injury outcome, divided into duration of AIS1 neck injury symptoms. Effectiveness to predict neck injury was assessed for the criteria NIC, N_km, NDC and lower neck moment, aimed at predicting AIS1 neck injury. Also risk curves were assessed for the effective criteria as well as for impact severity.

It was found that NIC_max and N_km are applicable to predict risk of AIS1 neck injury when using a BioRID dummy. It is suggested that both BioRID NICmax and Nkm should be considered in rear-impact test evaluation. Furthermore, lower neck moment was found to be less applicable. Using the BioRID dummy NDC was also found less applicable.
Links

URL: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv18/CD/Files/18ESV-000344.pdf

Cited Works (26)

Year	Entry
2002	Kullgren A, Krafft M, Ydenius A, Lie A, Tingvall C. Developments in car safety with respect to disability: injury distributions for car occupants in cars from the 80’s and 90’s. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2002	Eriksson L. Three-dimensional mathematical models of the BioRID I and car seats, for low-speed rear-end impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(1):75-87.
2000	Boström O, Fredriksson R, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Krafft M, Lövsund P, Muser MH, Svensson MY. Comparison of car seats in low speed rear-end impacts using the BioRID dummy and the new neck injury criterion (NIC). Accid Anal Prev. March 2000;32(2):321-328.
1985	Gustafsson H, Nygren A, Tingvall C. Rating system for serious consequences (RSC) due to traffic accidents: risk of death or permanent disability. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.556-560. SAE 856075.
2001	Siegmund GP, Heinrichs BE, Lawrence JM, Philippens MMGM. Kinetic and kinematic responses of the RID2a, Hybrid III and human volunteers in low-speed rear-end collisions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:239-256. SAE 2001-22-0011.
1998	Sekizuka M. Seat designs for whiplash injury lessening. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1570-1578.
1998	Eichberger A, Steffan H, Geigl B, Svensson M, Boström O, Leinzinger PE, Darok M. Evaluation of the applicability of the neck injury criterion (NIC) in rear end impacts on the basis of human subject tests. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.321-333.
2000	Langwieder K, Hell W, Schick S, Muser M, Walz F, Zellmer H. Evolution of a dynamic seat test standard proposal for a better protection after rear-end impact. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.393-409.
2001	Cappon H, Philippens M, Van Ratingen M, Wismans J. Development and evaluation of a new rear-impact crash dummy: the RID2. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:225-238. SAE 2001-22-0010.
1996	Eichberger A, Geigl BC, Moser A, Fachbach B, Steffan H, Hell W, Langwieder K. Comparison of different car seats regarding head-neck kinematics of volunteers during rear end impact. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.153-164.
2001	Viano DC, Olsen S. The effectiveness of active head restraint in preventing whiplash. J Trauma. November 2001;51(5):959-969.
2002	Schmitt K-U, Muser MH, Walz FH, Niederer PF. N_km: a proposal for a neck protection criterion for low-speed rear-end impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):117-126.
1999	Davidsson J, Lovsund P, Ono K, Svensson MY, Inami S. A comparison between volunteer, BioRID P3 and Hybrid III performance in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.165-178.
1989	Otremski I, Marsh JL, Wilde BR, McLardy-Smith PD, Newman RJ. Soft tissue cervical spinal injuries in motor vehicle accidents. Injury. November 1989;20(6):349-351.
2002	Krafft M. When do AIS 1 neck injuries result in long-term consequences? vehicle and human factors. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):89-97.
2002	Krafft M, Kullgren A, Ydenius A, Tingvall C. Influence of crash pulse characteristics on whiplash associated disorders in rear impacts: crash recording in real life crashes. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):141-149.
2002	Eriksson L, Boström O. Assessing the relevance of NIC and its correlation with crash-pulse parameters: using the mathematical BioRID I in rear-end impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):175-182.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
1996	Boström O, Svensson MY, Aldman B, Hansson HA, Håland Y, Lövsund P, Seeman T, Suneson A, Säljö A, Örtengren T. A new neck injury criterion candidate based on injury findings in the cervical spinal ganglia after experimental neck extension trauma. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.123-136.
1997	Boström O, Krafft M, Aldman B, Eichberger A, Fredriksson R, Håland Y, Lövsund P, Steffan H, Svensson M, Tingvall C. Prediction of neck injuries in rear impacts based on accident data and simulations. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.251-264.
2002	Viano DC, Davidsson J. Neck displacements of volunteers, BioRID P3 and Hybrid III in rear impacts: implications to whiplash assessment by a neck displacement criterion (NDC). Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):105-116.
1997	Prasad P, Kim A, Weerappuli DPV. Biofidelity of anthropomorphic test devices for rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:387-415. SAE 973342.
1998	Davidsson J, Svensson MY, Flogård A, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Linder A, Lövsund P, Wiklund K. BioRID I: a new biofidelic rear impact dummy. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.377-390.
1998	Hell W, Langwieder K, Walz F. Reported soft tissue neck injuries after rear-end car collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.261-274.
1998	Boström O, Håland Y, Fredriksson R, Svensson MY, Mellander H. A sled test procedure proposal to evaluate the risk of neck injury in low speed rear impacts using a new neck injury criterion (NIC). In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1579-1585.
2002	Hell W, Schick S, Langwieder K, Zellmer H. Biomechanics of cervical spine injuries in rear end car impacts: influence of car seats and possible evaluation criteria. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):127-140.

Cited By (28)

Year	Entry
2013	Park S-J, Yang K, Lee H-S, Park N-K, Hong SW, Yoo J-H, Kim H. A study of impact on head and neck using human volunteer low-speed rear impact tests [in Korean]. Korean J Leg Med. May 2013;37(2):66-72.
2005	Hynd D, van Ratingen M. Challenges in the development of a regulatory test procedure for neck protection in rear impacts: status of the EEVC WG20 and WG12 joint activity. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Krafft M, Kullgren A, Malm S, Ydenius A. Influence of crash severity on various whiplash injury symptoms: a study based on real-life rear-end crashes with recorded crash pulses. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2009	Bogenrieder R, Fehring M, Bachmann R. PRE-SAFE® in rear-end collision situations. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Bourdet N, Willinger R. A global head neck torso model for whiplash injury criteria investigation. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Davidsson J, Kullgren A. Evaluation of seat performance criteria for rear-end impact testing. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Linder A, Svensson M, Carlsson A, Lemmen P, Chang F, Schmitt K-U, Kullgren A. EVARID: anthropometric and biomechanical specification of a finite element dummy model of an average female for rear impact testing. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2013	Lemmen P, Gupta A, Lakshminarayana A, Carlsson A, Svensson M, Schmitt K-U, Levallois I, Linder A, Tomasch E. Seat optimisation considering reduction of neck injuries for female and male occupants: applications of the EvaRID model and a loading device representing a 50th percentile female. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2004	Linder A, Avery M, Kullgren A, Krafft M. Real-world rear impacts reconstructed in sled tests. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.233-244.
2004	Sendur P, Thibodeau R, Burge J, Tencer A. Parametric analysis of vehicle design influence on the four phases of whiplash motion. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.257-268.
2006	Ono K, Ejima S, Suzuki Y, Kaneoka K, Fukushima M, Ujihashi S. Prediction of neck injury risk based on the analysis of localized cervical vertebral motion of human volunteers during low-speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.103-113.
2007	Bostrom O, Kullgren A. Characteristics of anti-whiplash seat designs with good real-life performance. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.219-232.
2008	Kullgren A. Dose-response models and edr data for assessment of injury risk and effectiveness of safety systems. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.3-14.
2010	Carlsson A, Siegmund GP, Linder A, Svensson M. Motion of the head and neck of female and male volunteers in rear impact car-to-car tests at 4 and 8 km/h. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.29-39.
2012	Linder A, Olsén S, Eriksson J, Svensson MY, Carlsson A. Influence of gender, height, weight, age, seated position and collision site related to neck pain symptoms in rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.236-248.
2012	Carlsson A, Chang F, Lemmen P, Kullgren A, Schmitt K, Linder A, Svensson MY. EvaRID: a 50th percentile female rear impact finite element dummy model. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.249-262.
2016	Broos J, Meijer R. Simulation method for whiplash injury prediction using an active human model. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2016; Malaga, Spain.390-408.
2003	Bortenschlager K, Kramberger D, Barnsteiner K, Hartlieb M, Ferdinand L, Leyer H, Muser M, Schmitt K-U. Comparison tests of BioRID II and RID 2 with regard to repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity for assessment of car seat protection potential in rear-end impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:473-488. SAE 2003-22-0021.
2008	Linder A, Carlsson A, Svensson MY, Siegmund GP. Dynamic responses of female and male volunteers in rear impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2008;9(6):592-599.
2011	Carlsson A, Linder A, Davidsson J, Hell W, Schick S, Svensson M. Dynamic kinematic responses of female volunteers in rear impacts and comparison to previous male volunteer tests. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(4):347-357.
2012	Carlsson A. Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection: A Step Towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2012.
2014	Östh J. Muscle Responses of Car Occupants: Numerical Modeling and Volunteer Experiments Under Pre-Crash Braking Conditions [PhD thesis]. Götenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2014.
2008	Himmetoglu S. Car Seat Design and Human-Body Modelling for Rear Impact Whiplash Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2008.
2020	Fagerström J. Rear End Crash Simulation Using Human Body Models: An Investigation of the Design of Seat Structure Using a 50th Percentile Female Human Body Model [Master's thesis]. Luleå, Sweden: Luleå University of Technology; 2020.
2009	Walsh JC. The Influence of Scoliosis and Wheechair Customisations in Rear Impact [PhD thesis]. Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College Dublin; 2009.
2006	Gibson T. Development and Validation of a C5/C6 Motion Segment Model [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; January 4, 2006.
2014	McNamara M. Development of an Interdisciplinary Simulation Environment for Traffic Safety Modeling [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2014.
2006	Ivancic PC. Cervical Spine Injury During Simulated Automobile Collisions [PhD thesis]. Yale University; May 2006.