Kinetic and kinematic responses of the RID2a, Hybrid III and human volunteers in low-speed rear-end collisions

wbldb

Siegmund, Gunter P.¹; Heinrichs, Bradley E.¹; Lawrence, Jonathan M.¹; Philippens, Mat M. G. M.²

Kinetic and kinematic responses of the RID2a, Hybrid III and human volunteers in low-speed rear-end collisions

Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:239-256

Affiliations

¹MacInnis Engineering Associates, Richmond, BC, Canada

²TNO Automotive, Crash Safety Research Center, Delft, The Netherlands
Abstract

An anthropomorphic test device (ATD) which accurately models the kinematic and kinetic responses of human subjects during head restraint contact in low-speed rear-end collisions is needed to evaluate present and future seat and vehicle designs. The primary goal of this study was to quantify the biofidelity of a new rear-impact ATD, the RID2a, by comparing its dynamic response to those of human subjects under identical test conditions. For this study, a RID2a and a Hybrid III ATD were each exposed to 10 low-speed rear-end collisions: five at a speed change of 4 km/h and five at a speed change of 8 km/h. Sagittal plane kinematics of the head and upper torso, head restraint contact forces, and the reaction loads and moment at the atlanto-occipital joint were determined and compared to the response of eleven male human subjects. Both ATDs produced repeatable response corridors. As observed by others, the Hybrid III did not replicate many features of the human response. Aside from the vertical response of the head and T1 in the global reference frame, the kinematic and kinetic responses of the RID2a reproduced most features of the human response. Head restraint forces observed in both the human subjects and the RID2a contained large vertical components that placed the neck in tension during head restraint contact. The results of this study indicated that the RID2a was able to model the overall kinematic and kinetic responses relevant to some recently-proposed mechanisms of whiplash injury.
Links

PubMed: 17458748

SAE: 2001-22-0011

Cited By (35)

Year	Entry
2005	Manoogian SJ, Kennedy EA, Duma SM. An Updated Literature Review of Musculoskeletal Injuries to the Human Neck and the Effects of Head-Supported Mass Worn by Soldiers. Fort Rucker, AL: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory; October 2005. USAARL Contract Report CR-2006-01.
2013	Park S-J, Yang K, Lee H-S, Park N-K, Hong SW, Yoo J-H, Kim H. A study of impact on head and neck using human volunteer low-speed rear impact tests [in Korean]. Korean J Leg Med. May 2013;37(2):66-72.
2004	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Response corridors of the human head-neck complex in rear impact. In: 48th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 13-15, 2004; Key Biscayne, FL.149-163.
2013	Hong SW, Park S-J, Lee Y-N, Yoo J-H, Kim H. Low-speed rear impact sled tests involving human subjects. In: 57th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-25, 2013; Quebec City, QC.353-355.
2003	Willinger R, Bourdet N, Fischer R, Le Gall F. New method for biofidelity evaluation of dummy neck. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Kullgren A, Eriksson L, Boström O, Krafft M. Validation of neck injury criteria using reconstructed real-life rear-end crashes with recorded crash pulses. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Bourdet N, Willinger R. Human body-car seat coupling under rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2009	Bourdet N, Willinger R. A global head neck torso model for whiplash injury criteria investigation. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2002	Siegmund GP, Heinrichs BE, Chimich DD, DeMarco AL, Brault JR. The effect of collision pulse properties on six proposed whiplash injury criteria. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2002; Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.47-60.
2005	Siegmund GP, Blouin J, Brault JR, Hedenstierna S, Inglis JT. Electromyography of superficial and deep neck muscles during isometric, voluntary and reflex contractions. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2005.167-187.
2006	Siegmund GP, Blouin J-S, Carpenter MG, Brault JR, Inglis JT. Cervical multifidus muscle activity during whiplash and startle responses. In: Proceedings of the 34th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2006.133-143.
2007	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Stammen J, Bolte J IV. An experimental seat for measuring external biofidelity in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2007.29-46.
2012	Fice JB, Blouin JS, Siegmund GP. Seatback rotational control reduces whiplash injury potential: a preliminary computational study. In: Proceedings of the 40th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2012.
2002	Zellmer H, Muser M, Stamm M, Walz F, Hell W, Langwieder K, Philippens M. Comparison of rear impact dummies: Hybrid III (TRID), BioRID and RID2. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2010	Carlsson A, Siegmund GP, Linder A, Svensson M. Motion of the head and neck of female and male volunteers in rear impact car-to-car tests at 4 and 8 km/h. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.29-39.
2014	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Icke K, Herriott R, Bolte J IV. Head and cervical spine responses of post mortem human subjects in moderate speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.268-285.
2019	Kang Y-S, Moorhouse K, Bolte JH IV. Head trajectories of post mortem human surrogates in moderate-speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2019; Florence, Italy.102-118.
2011	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Herriott R, Bolte JH IV. Biofidelity evaluation of anthropomorphic test devices (BioRIDII, RID3D, HybridIII) in low and moderate speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 7th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 22-24, 2011; Columbus, OH.
2003	Bortenschlager K, Kramberger D, Barnsteiner K, Hartlieb M, Ferdinand L, Leyer H, Muser M, Schmitt K-U. Comparison tests of BioRID II and RID 2 with regard to repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity for assessment of car seat protection potential in rear-end impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:473-488. SAE 2003-22-0021.
2003	Kim A, Anderson KF, Berliner J, Hassan J, Jensen J, Mertz HJ, Pietsch H, Rao A, Scherer R, Sutterfield A. A biofidelity evaluation of the BioRID II, Hybrid III and RID2 for use in rear impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:489-523. SAE 2003-22-0022.
2012	Kang Y-S, Bolte JH IV, Moorhouse K, Donnelly B, Herriott R, Mallory A. Biomechanical responses of PMHS in moderate-speed rear impacts and development of response targets for evaluating the internal and external biofidelity of ATDs. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:105-170.
2012	Moorhouse K, Donnelly B, Kang Y-S, Bolte JH IV, Herriott R. Evaluation of the internal and external biofidelity of current rear impact ATDs to response targets developed from moderate-speed rear impacts of PMHS. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:171-229.
2012	Beeman SM, Kemper AR, Madigan ML, Franck CT, Loftus SC. Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests: human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS. Accid Anal Prev. July 2012;47:128-139.
2021	Fewster KM, Zehr JD, Barrett JM, Laing AC, Callaghan JP. Exploring the influence of impact severity and posture on vertebral joint mechanics in an in-vitro porcine model. J Biomech. June 9, 2021;122:110479.
2007	Siegmund GP, Blouin J-S, Brault JR, Hedenstierna S, Inglis JT. Electromyography of superficial and deep neck muscles during isometric, voluntary, and reflex contraction. J Biomech Eng. February 2007;129(1):66-77.
2011	Jaumard NV, Bauman JA, Weisshaar CL, Guarino BB, Welch WC, Winkelstein BA. Contact pressure in the facet joint during sagittal bending of the cadaveric cervical spine. J Biomech Eng. July 2011;133(7):071004.
2008	Linder A, Carlsson A, Svensson MY, Siegmund GP. Dynamic responses of female and male volunteers in rear impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2008;9(6):592-599.
2012	Carlsson A. Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection: A Step Towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2012.
2008	Himmetoglu S. Car Seat Design and Human-Body Modelling for Rear Impact Whiplash Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2008.
2011	Kang YS. Evaluation of Biofidelity of Anthropomorphic Test Devices and Investigation of Cervical Spine Injury in Rear Impacts: Head-Neck Kinematics and Kinetics of Post Mortem Human Subjects [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2011.
2023	Soltan Mohammadzadeh N. Cervical Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in an in-Vivo Porcine Model of Simulated Whiplash Loading [Master's thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; July 2023.
2020	Correia MA. Optimization of Neck Musculature Activation for Head Kinematics in Frontal, Lateral and Rear Impact Simulations [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2020.
2020	Fewster KM. Exploring Low to Moderate Velocity Motor Vehicle Rear Impacts as a Viable Injury Mechanism in the Lumbar Spine [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2020.
2015	Beeman SM. Biomechanical Response of Human Volunteers and Surrogates in a Variety of Loading Regimes [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2015.
2006	Ivancic PC. Cervical Spine Injury During Simulated Automobile Collisions [PhD thesis]. Yale University; May 2006.