Development and evaluation of a new rear-impact crash dummy: the RID2

wbldb

Cappon, H.¹; Philippens, M.¹; Van Ratingen, M.¹; Wismans, J.¹

Development and evaluation of a new rear-impact crash dummy: the RID2

Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:225-238

Affiliations

¹TNO Automotive, Delft, The Netherlands
Abstract and keywords

Low severity neck injuries due to vehicle accidents are a serious problem in our society. In 1997 the European Whiplash project started with the aim to develop passive safety methodologies to reduce the frequency of neck injuries in rear-end impacts. This project has resulted, among others, in a rear impact crash dummy, the so-called RID2. The objective of this paper is present the design of this dummy and to present its performance in comparison with human volunteer and post mortem human subject (PMHS) tests. Also a comparison is made with the Hybrid III dummy in similar test conditions.

In the comparison with human volunteers in a real car seat, both the RID2 and the Hybrid III showed realistic kinematics. Lower neck rotation as well as the typical S-shape in the neck were found in the RID2, but not in the Hybrid III dummy. Ramping up was not found in the Hybrid III, while the RID2 did show limited ramping up. The upper neck forces measured in both dummies were reasonably good in the regular car seat, but upper neck torques were not well predicted in either dummy. Compared to post mortem human subjects placed on a rigid seat without a head restraint, the Hybrid III was found to be less biofidelic than the RID2, as the kinematics of the human subjects were better approximated by the RID2 than by the Hybrid III, which was mainly attributed to the stiff spine and neck of the Hybrid III.

Keywords:
Links

PubMed: 17458747

SAE: 2001-22-0010

Cited By (22)

Year	Entry
2005	Manoogian SJ, Kennedy EA, Duma SM. An Updated Literature Review of Musculoskeletal Injuries to the Human Neck and the Effects of Head-Supported Mass Worn by Soldiers. Fort Rucker, AL: U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory; October 2005. USAARL Contract Report CR-2006-01.
2015	Mertz HJ, Irwin AL. Anthropomorphic test devices and injury risk assessments. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:83-112.
2004	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Response corridors of the human head-neck complex in rear impact. In: 48th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 13-15, 2004; Key Biscayne, FL.149-163.
2003	Willinger R, Bourdet N, Fischer R, Le Gall F. New method for biofidelity evaluation of dummy neck. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2003	Kullgren A, Eriksson L, Boström O, Krafft M. Validation of neck injury criteria using reconstructed real-life rear-end crashes with recorded crash pulses. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Hynd D, van Ratingen M. Challenges in the development of a regulatory test procedure for neck protection in rear impacts: status of the EEVC WG20 and WG12 joint activity. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	Bourdet N, Willinger R. Human body-car seat coupling under rear impact. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2009	Bourdet N, Willinger R. A global head neck torso model for whiplash injury criteria investigation. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2007	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Stammen J, Bolte J IV. An experimental seat for measuring external biofidelity in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2007.29-46.
2002	Zellmer H, Muser M, Stamm M, Walz F, Hell W, Langwieder K, Philippens M. Comparison of rear impact dummies: Hybrid III (TRID), BioRID and RID2. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2004	Sendur P, Thibodeau R, Burge J, Tencer A. Parametric analysis of vehicle design influence on the four phases of whiplash motion. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.257-268.
2005	Bourdet N, Fischer R, Willinger R. Human neck characterization under thoracic vibration: inter-individual and gender influence. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.257-267.
2005	Cappon H, Hell W, Hoschopf H, Muser M, Song E, Wismans J. Correlation of accident statistics to whiplash performance parameters using the RID3D and BioRID dummy. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.229-243.
2006	Yaguchi M, Ono K, Kubota M, Matsuoka F. Comparison of biofidelic responses to rear impact of the head/neck/torso among human volunteers, PMHS, and dummies. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.183-197.
2011	Kang Y, Moorhouse K, Herriott R, Bolte JH IV. Biofidelity evaluation of anthropomorphic test devices (BioRIDII, RID3D, HybridIII) in low and moderate speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 7th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 22-24, 2011; Columbus, OH.
2002	Philippens M, Cappon H, Van Ratingen M, Wismans J, Svensson M, Sirey F, Ono K, Nishimoto N, Matsuoka F. Comparison of the rear impact biofidelity of BioRID II and RID2. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:461-476. SAE 2002-22-0023.
2003	Bortenschlager K, Kramberger D, Barnsteiner K, Hartlieb M, Ferdinand L, Leyer H, Muser M, Schmitt K-U. Comparison tests of BioRID II and RID 2 with regard to repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity for assessment of car seat protection potential in rear-end impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:473-488. SAE 2003-22-0021.
2003	Kim A, Anderson KF, Berliner J, Hassan J, Jensen J, Mertz HJ, Pietsch H, Rao A, Scherer R, Sutterfield A. A biofidelity evaluation of the BioRID II, Hybrid III and RID2 for use in rear impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:489-523. SAE 2003-22-0022.
2012	Kang Y-S, Bolte JH IV, Moorhouse K, Donnelly B, Herriott R, Mallory A. Biomechanical responses of PMHS in moderate-speed rear impacts and development of response targets for evaluating the internal and external biofidelity of ATDs. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:105-170.
2012	Moorhouse K, Donnelly B, Kang Y-S, Bolte JH IV, Herriott R. Evaluation of the internal and external biofidelity of current rear impact ATDs to response targets developed from moderate-speed rear impacts of PMHS. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:171-229.
2008	Himmetoglu S. Car Seat Design and Human-Body Modelling for Rear Impact Whiplash Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2008.
2011	Kang YS. Evaluation of Biofidelity of Anthropomorphic Test Devices and Investigation of Cervical Spine Injury in Rear Impacts: Head-Neck Kinematics and Kinetics of Post Mortem Human Subjects [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2011.