Biomechanical response of the bovine pia-arachnoid complex to tensile loading at varying strain rates

wbldb

Jin, Xin¹; Lee, Jong B.¹; Leung, Lai Yee¹; Zhang, Liying¹; Yang, King H.¹; King, Albert I.¹

Biomechanical response of the bovine pia-arachnoid complex to tensile loading at varying strain rates

Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:637-649

Affiliations

¹Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University
Abstract and keywords

The pia-arachnoid complex (PAC) covering the brain plays an important role in the mechanical response of the brain due to impact or inertial loading. However, the mechanical properties of the pia-arachnoid complex and its influence on the overall response of the brain have not been well characterized. Consequently, finite element (FE) brain models have tended to oversimplify the response of the pia-arachnoid complex, possibly resulting in a loss of accuracy in the model predictions.

The aim of this study was to determine, experimentally, the material properties of the pia-arachnoid complex under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. Specimens of the pia-arachnoid complex were obtained from the parietal and temporal regions of freshly slaughtered bovine subjects with the specimen orientation recorded. Single-stroke, uniaxial quasi-static and dynamic tensile experiments were performed at strain-rates of 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 100 s\u-\u1 (n \me 10 for each strain rate group). Directional differences of the pia-arachnoid complex were also investigated. Results from this study revealed the pia-arachnoid complex was rate-dependent and isotropic, suggesting that the pia-arachnoid complex can provide omnidirectional support and load bearing to the adjacent brain tissue during an impact.

Keywords: pia-arachnoid complex; tensile experiments; strain rate; elastic modulus
Links

PubMed: 17311181

SAE: 2006-22-0025

Cited Works (10)

Year	Entry
1997	Shreiber DI, Bain AC, Meaney DF. In vivo thresholds for mechanical injury to the blood-brain barrier. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:277-291. SAE 973335.
2001	Hardy WN, Foster CD, Mason MJ, Yang KH, King AI, Tashman S. Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar x-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:337-368. SAE 2001-22-0016.
2001	Zhang L, Yang KH, Dwarampudi R, Omori K, Li T, Chang K, Hardy WN, Khalil TB, King AI. Recent advances in brain injury research: a new human head model development and validation. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:369-394. SAE 2001-22-0017.
1997	Kang H-S, Willinger R, Diaw BM, Chinn B. Validation of a 3D anatomic human head model and replication of head impact in motorcycle accident by finite element modeling. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:329-338. SAE 973339.
2005	Snedeker JG, Niederer P, Schmidlin FR, Farshad M, Demetropoulos CK, Lee JB, Yang KH. Strain-rate dependent material properties of the porcine and human kidney capsule. J Biomech. May 2005;38(5):1011-1021.
2002	Zhang L, Bae J, Hardy WN, Monson KL, Manley GT, Goldsmith W, Yang KH, King AI. Computational study of the contribution of the vasculature on the dynamic response of the brain. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:145-164. SAE 2002-22-0008.
1991	Ruan JS, Khalil T, King AI. Human head dynamic response to side impact by finite element modeling. J Biomech Eng. August 1991;113(3):276-283.
1994	Bandak FA, Eppinger RH. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human brain under combined rotational and translational accelerations. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:145-163. SAE 942215.
2002	Kleiven S, von Holst H. Consequences of head size following trauma to the human head. J Biomech. 2002;35(2):153-160.
1994	Zhou C, Khalil TB, King AI. Shear stress distribution in the porcine brain due to rotational impact. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:133-143. SAE 942214.

Cited By (18)

Year	Entry
2013	Yanaoka T, Dokko Y. A parametric study of age-related factors affecting intracranial responses under impact loading using a human head/brain FE model. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.444-455.
2016	Giordano C, Kleiven S. Development of a 3‐year‐old child FE head model, continuously scalable from 1.5‐ to 6‐ year‐old. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2016; Malaga, Spain.288-302.
2006	Mao H, Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. Application of a finite element model of the brain to study traumatic brain injury mechanisms in the rat. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:583-600. SAE 2006-22-0022.
2007	Jin X, Ma C, Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI, Dong G, Zhang J. Biomechanical response of the bovine pia-arachnoid complex to normal traction loading at varying strain rates. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:115-126. SAE 2007-22-0004.
2010	Zhu F, Mao H, Leonardi ADC, Wagner C, Chou C, Jin X, Bir C, VandeVord P, Yang KH, King AI. Development of an FE model of the rat head subjected to air shock loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:211-225. SAE 2010-22-0011.
2014	Alvarez VS, Halldin P, Kleiven S. The influence of neck muscle tonus and posture on brain tissue strain in pedestrian head impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2014;58:63-101.
2019	Yu AW. Blast-Induced Neurotrauma and the Cavitation Mechanism of Injury [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2019.
2015	Bhatnagar TB. Quantification of Morphological Changes of the Cervical Spinal Cord During Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in a Rodent Model [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; February 2015.
2008	Sparrey CJ. The Role of Constituent Materials in Spinal Cord Biomechanics [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2008.
2009	Eucker SA. Effect of Head Rotation Direction on Closed Head Injury in Neonatal Piglets [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
2016	Pasquesi SA. Can Vigorous Shaking Cause Extra-Axial Hemorrhage in Newborns? A Detailed Human and Porcine Study [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2016.
2014	Scott GG. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Pia-Arachnoid Complex [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2014.
2019	Alshareef AA. Deformation of the Human Brain Under Rotational Loading [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2019.
2019	Wu T. Integration of Interspecies Data for Developing Tissue-Level Brain Injury Risk Functions [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2019.
2022	Rycman AL. Computational Modeling of the Cervical Spinal Cord: Integration Into a Human Body Model to Investigate Response to Impact [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2022.
2008	Manoogian SJ. Protecting the Pregnant Occupant: Dynamic Material Properties of Uterus and Placenta [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; May 29, 2008.
2009	Mao H. Computational Analysis of in Vivo Brain Trauma [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2009.
2020	Zhou R. Development of Rat Head Finite Element Model and Tissue Level Biomechanical Threshold for Traumatic Axonal Injury [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 2020.