Fluid and Solute Transport in the Inter-Vertebral Disc

Transport of fluid and solute in the intervertebral disc is studied in relation to the physicochemical properties of the tissue, in particular to its polyelectrolyte character which is conferred by the presence of glycosaminoglycans.

Solute partition and diffusion coefficients were determined in vitro, using experimental techniques which avoided leaching of glycosaminoglycans and swelling of the tissue. These in vitro measurements were found to apply to in vivo transport of (³⁵S) sulphate into dog discs. From the in vivo results it was estimated that about 40 percent of the endplate area was permeable to solutes. Since the profiles of (³⁵S) sulphate corresponded with those calculated using Ficks law, diffusion appears to be the main mechanism for solute transport into the disc.

Fluid transport was described in terms of a flow coefficient which depended on both the net swelling pressure in the tissue and on its hydraulic permeability. Experimental methods for the in vitro measurements of these parameters are described.

Year	Entry
1970	Maroudas A. Distribution and diffusion of solutes in articular cartilage. Biophys J. May 1970;10(5):365-379.
1957	Brown T, Hansen RJ, Yorra AJ. Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1957;39A(5):1135-1164.
1977	Maroudas A, Venn M. Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage, II: swelling. Ann Rheum Dis. 1977;36(5):399-406.
1976	Maroudas A. Balance between swelling pressure and collagen tension in normal and degenerate cartilage. Nature. April 29, 1976;260(5554):808-809.
1975	Maroudas A, Stockwell RA, Nachemson A, Urban J. Factors involved in the nutrition of the human lumbar intervertebral disc: cellularity and diffusion of glucose in vitro. J Anat. September 1975;120(1):113-130.
1967	Hirsch C, Galante J. Laboratory conditions for tensile tests in annulus fibrosus from human intervertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):148-162.
1977	Urban JPG, Holm S, Maroudas A, Nachemson A. Nutrition of the intervertebral disk: an in vivo study of solute transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1977;129:101-114.
1974	Belytschko T, Kulak RF, Schultz AB, Galante JO. Finite element stress analysis of an intervertebral disc. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):277-285.
1965	Linn FC, Sokoloff L. Movement and composition of interstitial fluid of cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. August 1965;8(4):481-494.
1970	Nachemson A, Lewin T, Maroudas A, Freeman MAR. In vitro diffusion of dye through the end-plates and the annulus fibrosus of human lumbar inter-vertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):589-607.
1968	Maroudas A, Bullough P. Permeability of articular cartilage. Nature. September 21, 1968;219(5160):1260-1261.
1969	Maroudas A, Muir H, Wingham J. The correlation of fixed negative charge with glycosaminoglycan content of human articular cartilage. Biochim Biophys Acta. May 6, 1969;177(3):492-500.
1976	Kulak RF, Belytschko TB, Schultz AB, Galante JO. Nonlinear behavior of the human intervertebral disc under axial load. J Biomech. 1976;9(6):377-386.
1976	Lipshitz H, Etheredge R III, Glimcher MJ. Changes in the hexosamine content and swelling ratio of articular cartilage as functions of depth from the surface. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1976;58A(8):1149-1153.
1977	Venn M, Maroudas A. Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage, I: chemical composition. Ann Rheum Dis. 1977;36(2):121-129.

Year

Entry

1970

Maroudas A. Distribution and diffusion of solutes in articular cartilage. Biophys J. May 1970;10(5):365-379.

1957

Brown T, Hansen RJ, Yorra AJ. Some mechanical tests on the lumbosacral spine with particular reference to the intervertebral discs: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg. October 1957;39A(5):1135-1164.

1977

Maroudas A, Venn M. Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage, II: swelling. Ann Rheum Dis. 1977;36(5):399-406.

1976

Maroudas A. Balance between swelling pressure and collagen tension in normal and degenerate cartilage. Nature. April 29, 1976;260(5554):808-809.

1975

Maroudas A, Stockwell RA, Nachemson A, Urban J. Factors involved in the nutrition of the human lumbar intervertebral disc: cellularity and diffusion of glucose in vitro. J Anat. September 1975;120(1):113-130.

1967

Hirsch C, Galante J. Laboratory conditions for tensile tests in annulus fibrosus from human intervertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):148-162.

1977

Urban JPG, Holm S, Maroudas A, Nachemson A. Nutrition of the intervertebral disk: an in vivo study of solute transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1977;129:101-114.

1974

Belytschko T, Kulak RF, Schultz AB, Galante JO. Finite element stress analysis of an intervertebral disc. J Biomech. May 1974;7(3):277-285.

1965

Linn FC, Sokoloff L. Movement and composition of interstitial fluid of cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. August 1965;8(4):481-494.

1970

Nachemson A, Lewin T, Maroudas A, Freeman MAR. In vitro diffusion of dye through the end-plates and the annulus fibrosus of human lumbar inter-vertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):589-607.

1968

Maroudas A, Bullough P. Permeability of articular cartilage. Nature. September 21, 1968;219(5160):1260-1261.

1969

Maroudas A, Muir H, Wingham J. The correlation of fixed negative charge with glycosaminoglycan content of human articular cartilage. Biochim Biophys Acta. May 6, 1969;177(3):492-500.

1976

Kulak RF, Belytschko TB, Schultz AB, Galante JO. Nonlinear behavior of the human intervertebral disc under axial load. J Biomech. 1976;9(6):377-386.

1976

Lipshitz H, Etheredge R III, Glimcher MJ. Changes in the hexosamine content and swelling ratio of articular cartilage as functions of depth from the surface. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1976;58A(8):1149-1153.

1977

Venn M, Maroudas A. Chemical composition and swelling of normal and osteoarthrotic femoral head cartilage, I: chemical composition. Ann Rheum Dis. 1977;36(2):121-129.

Year	Entry
1979	Maroudas A. Physicochemical properties of articular cartilage. In: Freeman MAR, ed. Adult Articular Cartilage. 2nd ed. Kent, England: Pitman Medical; 1979:215-290.
1979	Urban JPG, Maroudas A. The measurement of fixed charged density in the intervertebral disc. Biochim Biophys Acta. August 6, 1979;586(1):166-178.
1978	Urban JPG, Holm S, Maroudas A. Diffusion of small solutes into the intervertebral disc: as in vivo study. Biorheology. 1978;15(3-4):203-223.
1979	Urban JPG, Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Dillon J. Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues. Biorheology. 1979;16(6):447-464.
1977	Urban JPG, Holm S, Maroudas A, Nachemson A. Nutrition of the intervertebral disk: an in vivo study of solute transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1977;129:101-114.
2012	Kuo J. Bioengineering Approach to Understanding TMJ Pathobiology [PhD thesis]. Clemson, SC: Clemson University; May 2012.
2004	Yao H. Physical Signals and Solute Transport in Cartilaginous Tissues [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; August 2004.
2009	Travascio F. Modeling Molecular Transport and Binding Interactions in Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; December 2009.
2010	Jackson AR. Transport and Metabolism of Glucose in Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; December 2010.
2016	Zhu Q. Numerical Modeling of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Repair [PhD thesis]. University of Miami; May 2016.
2008	Mokhbi-Soukane D. Études numériques de la diffusion couplée d'oxygène, glucose et d'acide lactique dans le disque intervertébral [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; June 2008.

Year

Entry

1979

Maroudas A. Physicochemical properties of articular cartilage. In: Freeman MAR, ed. Adult Articular Cartilage. 2nd ed. Kent, England: Pitman Medical; 1979:215-290.

1979

Urban JPG, Maroudas A. The measurement of fixed charged density in the intervertebral disc. Biochim Biophys Acta. August 6, 1979;586(1):166-178.

1978

Urban JPG, Holm S, Maroudas A. Diffusion of small solutes into the intervertebral disc: as in vivo study. Biorheology. 1978;15(3-4):203-223.

1979

Urban JPG, Maroudas A, Bayliss MT, Dillon J. Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues. Biorheology. 1979;16(6):447-464.

1977

Urban JPG, Holm S, Maroudas A, Nachemson A. Nutrition of the intervertebral disk: an in vivo study of solute transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res. November 1977;129:101-114.