Damage accumulation under compressive fatigue loading is believed to contribute significantly to non-traumatic, age-related vertebral fractures in the human spine. Only few studies have explored trabecular bone fatigue behavior under compressive loading and none examined the influence of trabecular architecture on fatigue life. In this study, trabecular bone samples of human lumbar and thoracic vertebrae (4 donors from age 29 to 86, n=29) were scanned with a microCT system prior to compressive fatigue testing to determine morphology-mechanical relationships for this relevant loading mode. Inspired from previous fabric-based relationships for elastic properties and quasi-static strength of trabecular bone, a simple power relationship between volume fraction, fabric eigenvalue, applied stress and the number of cycles to failure is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate a high correlation for this relationship (R²=0.95) and detect a significant contribution of the degree of anisotropy towards prediction of fatigue life. Step-wise regression for total and residual strains at failure suggested a weak, but significant correlation with volume fraction. From the obtained results, we conclude that the applied stress normalized by volume fraction and axial fabric eigenvalue can estimate fatigue life of human vertebral trabecular bone in axial compressive loading.