Significance of relative movements of scalp, skull, and intracranial contents during impact injury of the head

Gurdjian, E. S.<sup>1</sup>; Hodgson, V. R.<sup>1</sup>; Thomas, L. M.<sup>1</sup>; Patrick, L. M.<sup>1</sup>

Affiliations

¹Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, and Department of Engineering Mechanics, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Links

DOI: 10.3171/jns.1968.29.1.0070

PubMed: 4970656

History

Received: 1967009-11

Revised: 1967-11-07

Cited Works (6)

Year	Entry
1943	Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.
1944	Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR. Mechanism of head injury as studied by the cathode ray oscilloscope: preliminary report. J Neurosurg. November 1944;1(6):393-399.
1966	Thomas LM, Roberts VL, Gurdjian ES. Experimental intracranial pressure gradients in the human skull. J Neurol Neutrosurg Psychiatry. 1966;29(5):404-411.
1961	Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR. Photoelastic confirmation of the presence of shear strains at the craniospinal junction in closed head injury. J Neurosurg. January 1961;18(1):58-60.
1966	Hodgson VR, Gurdjian ES, Thomas LM. Experimental skull deformation and brain displacement demonstrated by flash X-ray technique. J Neurosurg. November 1966;25(5):549-552.
1946	Pudenz RH, Shelden CH. The lucite calvarium: a method for direct observation of the brain, II: cranial trauma and brain movement. J Neurosurg. 1946;3(6):487-505.

Cited By (34)

Year	Entry
1992	Hardy WN, King AI. Development of a rigid body kinematics transducer array (RBKTA) and a miniature triaxial neutral density cranial accelerometer (NDA). In: Proceedings of the 2nd Injury Prevention Through Biomechanics Symposium. April 10-11, 1992; Detroit, MI.129-146.
1973	McElhaney JH, Stalnaker RL, Roberts VL. Biomechanical aspects of head injury. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:85-112.
1975	Melvin JW, Mohan D, Stalnaker RL. Occupant injury assessment criteria. In: SAE Automobile Engineering and Manufacturing Meeting; 1975. SAE 750914.
1973	Roberts VL, McElhaney JH. Review of head injury tolerance to direct impact. In: Proceedings of the 1973 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. June 26-27, 1973; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.241-258.
1982	Oh S, Rüedi M. Depressed skull fracture in skiing and its prevention: an experimental study. In: Proceedings of the 1982 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1982; Cologne, Germany.116-121.
2002	Kleiven S, Hardy WN. Correlation of an FE model of the human head with local brain motion: consequences for injury prediction. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:123-144. SAE 2002-22-0007.
2012	Viano DC, Hamberger A, Bolouri H, Säljö A. Evaluation of three animal models for concussion and serious brain injury. Ann Biomed Eng. January 2012;40(1):213-226.
2003	Kleiven S. Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma. April 2003;20(4):365-379.
2006	Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Withnall C, Shewchenko N, Bir CA, Halstead PD. Concussion in professional football: helmet testing to assess impact performance—Part 11. Neurosurgery. January 2006;58(1):78-95.
2012	Post A, Hoshizaki TB. Mechanisms of brain impact injuries and their prediction: a review. Trauma. October 2012;14(4):327-349.
2002	Ivarsson J. Physical Modeling of Brain and Head Kinematics [PhD thesis]. Göteburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2002.
2002	Kleiven S. Finite Element Modeling of the Human Head [PhD thesis]. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology; 2002.
2008	Fijalkowski RJ. Rotational Acceleration Pulse Characteristics Affect Mild Diffuse Brain Injury Severity [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; May 2008.
2014	Patton DA. The Biomechanical Determinants of Sports-Related Concussion: Finite Element Simulations of Unhelmeted Head Impacts to Evaluate Kinematic and Tissue-Level Predictors of Injury and Investigate the Design Implications for Soft-Shell Headgear [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; March 2014.
2011	Coulson NR. The Influence of Impact Mass, Inbound Velocity and System Compliance on the Dynamic Response of a Hybrid III Head Form [Master's thesis]. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa; 2011.
2012	Oeur A. An Analysis of Head Impact Angle on the Dynamic Response of a Hybrid III Headform and Brain Tissue Deformation [Master's thesis]. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa; December 2012.
2013	Post A. The Influence of Dynamic Response Characteristics on Traumatic Brain Injury [PhD thesis]. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa; 2013.
2014	Rousseau P. Analysis of Concussion Metrics of Real-World Concussive and Non-Injurious Elbow and Shoulder to Head Collisions in Ice Hockey [PhD thesis]. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa; 2014.
2016	Kendall M. Comparison and Characterization of Different Concussive Brain Injury Events [PhD thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2016.
2018	Adanty K. A Comparison Between Two Oblique Test Protocols for Cycling Helmets [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2018.
2018	Oeur RA. The Effects of Reconstructed Head Impact Event Parameters on Risk of Sport Related Concussions [PhD thesis]. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa; 2018.
2018	Taylor K. The Use of Decoupling Structures in Helmet Liners to Reduce Maximum Principal Brain Tissue Strain for Head Impacts [PhD thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2018.
2019	Cournoyer J. Head Impact Severity Associated With Loss of Consciousness and Impact Seizures in Sport-Related Concussions [PhD thesis]. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa; 2019.
2021	Champoux L. A Comparison of Three Rotational Ice Hockey Helmet Test Protocols [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2021.
2022	Lowther S. Effect of Rule Changes Occurring Between 2003 and 2016 on Head Impact Frequency and Brain Strain Magnitude in North American Professional Ice Hockey [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2022.
2009	Eucker SA. Effect of Head Rotation Direction on Closed Head Injury in Neonatal Piglets [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
2009	Ibrahim NG. Head Injury Biomechanics in Toddlers: Integrated Clinical, Anthropomorphic Dummy, Animal and Finite Element Model Studies: Implications for Age-Dependence [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
2012	Maltese MR. Traumatic Brain Injury Thresholds in the Pre-Adolescent Juvenile [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2012.
2014	Scott GG. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Pia-Arachnoid Complex [Master's thesis]. University of Utah; August 2014.
2016	Boruah S. A Viscoelastic Model for High Strain Rate Loading of the Human Calvarium [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2016.
1994	Ruan JS. Impact Biomechanics of Head Injury by Mathematical Modeling [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1994.
1995	Zhou C. Finite Element Modeling of Impact Response of an Inhomogeneous Brain [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1995.
2007	Hardy WN. Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; December 2007.
2023	Lyu D. Investigation of Biomechanical Thresholds of Mild to Severe Brain Injury Using an Anisotropic Visco-Hyperelastic Finite Element Head Model: Model Development and Simulation of Impact Injury and Blast Injury [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2023.