Development of human‐body model THUMS Version 6 containing muscle controllers and application to injury analysis in frontal collision after brake deceleration

wbldb

Kato, Daichi¹; Nakahira, Yuko¹; Atsumi, Noritoshi¹; Iwamoto, Masami¹

Development of human‐body model THUMS Version 6 containing muscle controllers and application to injury analysis in frontal collision after brake deceleration

Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury

Affiliations

¹Human Science Research‐Domain, Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Japan
Abstract and keywords

We developed a family of human‐body finite‐element models named THUMS Version 6 by incorporating one‐dimensional multiple‐muscle models into a family of detailed models of THUMS Version 4 based on medical image data for the prediction of occupant posture changes before a vehicle crash and injury risks during the crash. THUMS Version 6 has three body sizes: AM50, AF05, and AM95. A muscle‐activation controller was applied in THUMS Version 6 for representing the muscle conditions of sleeping, relaxed, and braced drivers. The direct impact and compression response characteristics of the models were validated by comparison with cadaver test data, and the kinematic response characteristics considering muscle activation were validated by comparison with sled test data using volunteers. We performed simulations of a frontal collision with a velocity of 55 km/h after a deceleration of 0.8 G by autonomous emergency brakes for 300 ms, and the results showed that injury outcomes differed among the three muscle conditions and three body sizes. In addition, the effect of seatbelt pre‐pretension was discussed in comparison with the braced condition. The simulation results obtained using THUMS Version 6 suggest the importance of considering muscle activity in injury prediction through simulated vehicle collisions.

Keywords:
Links

URL: http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc18/pdf-files/32.pdf

Cited Works (29)

Year	Entry
2007	Iwamoto M, Nakahira Y, Tamura A, Kimpara H, Watanabe I, Miki K. Development of advanced human models in THUMS. In: European LS-DYNA Users' Conference. May 29-30, 2007; Gothenburg, Sweden.47-56.
1989	Viano DC. Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 4-6, 1989; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:113-142. SAE 892432.
2011	Gehre C, Stahlschmidt S. Assessment of dummy models by using objective rating methods. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2012	Beeman SM, Kemper AR, Madigan ML, Franck CT, Loftus SC. Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests: human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS. Accid Anal Prev. July 2012;47:128-139.
2011	Beeman SM, Kemper AR, Madigan ML, Duma SM. Effects of bracing on human kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests. Ann Biomed Eng. December 2011;39(12):2998-3010.
2006	Foster CD, Hardy WN, Yang KH, King AI, Hashimoto S. High-speed seatbelt pretensioner loading of the abdomen. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:27-51. SAE 2006-22-0002.
2015	Östh J, Brolin K, Bråse D. A human body model with active muscles for simulation of pretensioned restraints in autonomous braking interventions. Traffic Inj Prev. April 3, 2015;16(3):304-313.
1984	Mertz HJ. A procedure for normalizing impact response data. In: Proceedings of the SAE Government/industry Meeting & Exposition. May 21-24, 1984; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-8. SAE 840884.
2011	Mages M, Seyffert M, Class U. Analysis of the pre-crash benefit of reversible belt pre-pretensioning in different accident scenarios. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2009	Untaroiu C, Lim JY, Shin J, Crandall J, Malone DP, Tannous RE. Evalution of a finite element model of the THOR-NT dummy in frontal crash environment. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2013	Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T. Correlation among seatbelt load, chest deflection, rib fracture and internal organ strain in frontal collisions with human body finite element models. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.282-316.
1990	Winters JM, Woo SL-Y, eds. Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990.
2009	Gehre C, Gades H, Wernicke P. Objective rating of signals using test and simulation responses. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2009	Shigeta K, Kitagawa Y, Yasuki T. Development of next generation human FE model capable of organ injury prediction. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2015	Iwamoto M, Nakahira Y, Kimpara H. Development and validation of the Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) toward further understanding of occupant injury mechanisms in precrash and during crash. Traffic Inj Prev. June 1, 2015;16(suppl 1):S36-S48.
2013	Iwamoto M, Nakahira Y, Kimpara H, Min K. Development of a finite element model of 5th percentile female with multiple muscles and its application to investigation on impact responses of elderly females. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2003	Bolte JH, Hines MH, Herriott RG, McFadden JD, Donnelly BR. Shoulder impact response and injury due to lateral and oblique loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:35-53. SAE 2003-22-0003.
2013	Meijer R, Broos J, Elrofai H, de Bruijn E, Forbes P, Happee R. Modelling of bracing in a multi‐body active human model. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.576-587.
1990	Cesari D, Bouquet R. Behaviour of human surrogates thorax under belt loading. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:73-81. SAE 902310.
2006	Shaw JM, Herriott RG, McFadden JD, Donnelly BR, Bolte JH IV. Oblique and lateral impact response of the PMHS thorax. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:147-167. SAE 2006-22-0007.
2008	Rupp JD, Miller CS, Reed MP, Madura NH, Klinich KD, Schneider LW. Characterization of knee-thigh-hip response in frontal impacts using biomechanical testing and computational simulations. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:421-474. SAE 2008-22-0017.
1971	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:84-134. SAE 710851.
1974	Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM. Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:383-457. SAE 741187.
2012	Gayzik FS, Moreno DP, Vavalle NA, Rhyne AC, Stitzel JD. Development of a full human body finite element model for blunt injury prediction utilizing a multi-modality medical imaging protocol. In: 12th International LS-DYNA Users Conference. 2012; Detroit, MI.
2009	Sander U, Mroz K, Boström O, Fredriksson R. The effect of pre-pretensioning in multiple impact crashes. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2008	Ejima S, Zama Y, Satou F, Holcombe S, Ono K, Kaneoka K, Shiina I. Prediction of the physical motion on human body based on muscle activities during pre-impact breaking. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.163-175.
2017	Kato D, Nakahira Y, Iwamoto M. A study of muscle control with two feedback controls for posture and reaction force for more accurate prediction of occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2008	Takhounts EG, Ridella SA, Hasija V, Tannous RE, Campbell JQ, Malone D, Danelson K, Stitzel J, Rowson S, Duma S. Investigation of traumatic brain injuries using the next generation of Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon) finite element head model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:1-31. SAE 2008-22-0001.
1986	Cavanaugh JM, Nyquist GW, Goldberg SJ, King AI. Lower abdominal tolerance and response. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:41-63. SAE 861878.

Cited By (23)

Year	Entry
2019	Ressi F, Sinz W, Geisler C, Öztürk A, D‘Addetta GA, Freienstein H. Estimating preliminary occupant injury risk distributions for highly automated vehicles with respect to future seat configurations and load directions. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2019	Larsson E, Iraeus J, Fice J, Pipkorn B, Jakobsson L, Brynskog E, Brolin K, Davidsson J. Active human body model predictions compared to volunteer response in experiments with braking, lane change, and combined manoeuvres. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2019; Florence, Italy.349-369.
2021	Valdano M, Jiménez-Octavio JR, Vives-Torres CM, López-Valdés FJ, Pipkorn B. Assessment of madymo active human body model kinematics and dynamics by means of human volunteer response at low-speed frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.122-135.
2021	Östh J, Pipkorn B, Forsberg J, Iraeus J. Numerical reproducibility of human body model crash simulations. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.431-443.
2022	Gepner BD, Perez-Rapela D, Forman JL, Ostling M, Pipkorn B, Kerrigan JR. Evaluation of GHBMC, THUMS and SAFER human body models in frontal impacts in reclined postures. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.116-143.
2022	Erlinger N, Kofler D, Heider E, Klug C. Effects of boundary conditions and posture on simulations with human body models of braking events. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.628-652.
2022	Chan H, Albert DL, Gayzik FS, Kemper AR. Occupant kinematics of braced 5th percentile female and 50th percentile male volunteers in low-speed frontal and frontal-oblique sled tests. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.771-792.
2022	Östh J, Larsson E, Jakobsson L. Human body model muscle activation influence on crash response. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.844-865.
2022	Wass J, Östh J, Jakobsson L. Active human body model simulations of whole-sequence braking and far-side side-impact configurations. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.930-940.
2022	Mukherjee S, Reynier KA, Igo BJ, Kulkarni SP, Chastain K, Panzer MB. Evaluating passive human body models against non-injurious lateral head impacts measured in volunteers. In: Proceedings of the 2022 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2022; Porto, Portugal.958-959.
2023	Fahse N, Harant M, Roller M, Kempter F, Obentheuer M, Linn J, Fehr J. Towards learning human-seat interactions for optimally controlled multibody models to generate realistic occupant motion. In: Proceedings of the 2023 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2023; Cambridge, United Kingdom.748-750.
2023	Iraeus J, Mishra E, Östh J. Comparison of average female and male active HBM responses in whole-sequence frontal crash simulations. In: Proceedings of the 2023 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2023; Cambridge, United Kingdom.819-842.
2023	Correia MA, Hadagali P, McLachlin SD, Cronin DS. Passive neck muscle implementation in finite element models influences upper cervical spine kinematics in low-speed rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2023 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2023; Cambridge, United Kingdom.849-850.
2024	Larsson E, Iraeus J, Davidsson J. Synthetic experiments to investigate occupant variability in braking manoeuvres, a simulation study using Active Human Body Models. In: Proceedings of the 2024 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2024; Stockholm, Sweden.806-821.
2020	Mishra A, Ghosh P, Chitteti R, Mayer C. Development of a Chinese 5^th percentile female active human body model. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International IRCOBI Asia Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. 2020; Beijing, China.44-47.
2020	Albert DL. Variations in user implementation of the CORA rating metric. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2020;64:1-30.
2023	Larsson E. Passenger Kinematics in Evasive Maneuvers: Advancing Active Human Body Modeling and Understanding Variability in Passenger Kinematics During Evasive Maneuvers [PhD thesis]. Götenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2023.
2024	Leledakis A. Heterogeneity in Car Occupant Safety: Using Numerical Simulations to Address Real-World Safety [PhD thesis]. Götenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2024.
2022	Mühlbauer JA. Entwicklung regionaler Validierungsexperimente mit Freiwilligen für aktive Finite-Elemente Menschmodelle [PhD thesis]. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; 2022.
2022	Kulkarni S. Method for Thoracic Injury Risk Function Development for Human Body Models [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 2022.
2022	Richardson RE. Critical Factors Influencing Lap Belt-Pelvis Interaction and Submarining Occurrence for Occupants in Frontal Crashes [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2022.
2020	Shen D. Investigation of Whiplash Associated Disorders Using Finite Element Neck Models With Active Musculature in Frontal, Rear and Lateral Impact [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2020.
2022	Rycman AL. Computational Modeling of the Cervical Spinal Cord: Integration Into a Human Body Model to Investigate Response to Impact [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2022.