Deflection, acceleration, and force corridors for small females in side impacts

wbldb

Yoganandan, Narayan¹; Pintar, Frank A.¹

Deflection, acceleration, and force corridors for small females in side impacts

Traffic Inj Prev. December 2005;6(4):379-386

©2005 Taylor & Francis Inc

Affiliations

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
Abstract and keywords

Objective: This study was undertaken to develop biomechanical corridors applicable to the small-sized female in side impacts.

Methods: Sled tests were conducted using post mortem human subjects at a velocity of 6.7 m/s. Three chestbands were used to compute deflection-time histories at the axilla, xyphoid process, and tenth rib levels. Triaxial accelerometers were fixed to the upper and lower spine and sacrum to record acceleration-time histories. Specimens contacted the load wall with varying initial conditions (rigid and padded; flat wall and offset) from which impact forces to the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions were obtained using load cell data. Adopting signal processing and mass-based scaling methods, corridors were derived for forces, accelerations, and chest deflections at three levels for all initial conditions.

Results: All time history corridors were expressed as mean plus/minus one standard deviation and provided in the article.

Conclusions: Acceleration-, deflection-, and force-time corridors obtained for the chest and pelvic regions of the human body will assist in the assessment of anthropomorphic test devices used in crashworthiness evaluations.

Keywords: Mass-Based Scaling, Small Female Anthropometry, Biomechanical Corridor, Sled Test
Links

DOI: 10.1080/15389580500256888

PubMed: 16266947
History

Received: 2004-10-01

Accepted: 2005-04-23

Cited Works (15)

Year	Entry
1989	Yoganandan N, Ray G, Pintar FA, Myklebust JB, Sances A Jr. Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):135-142.
1998	Scherer RD, Kirkish SL, McCleary JP, Rouhana SW, Athey JB, Balser JS, Hultman RW, Mertz HJ, Berliner JM, Xu L, Kostyniuk GW, Salloum M, Wang Z, Morgan CR. SID-IIs Beta⁺-prototype dummy biomechanical responses. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:89-114. SAE 983151.
1976	Eppinger RH. Prediction of thoracic injury using measurable experimental parameters. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 12-15, 1976; Washington, D.C.770-780.
1984	Eppinger RH, Marcus JH, Morgan RM. Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA’s thoracic side impact protection research program. In: Proceedings of the SAE Government/industry Meeting & Exposition. May 21-24, 1984; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 840885.
1978	Eppinger RH, Augustyn K, Robbins DH. Development of a promising universal thoracic trauma prediction methodology. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 24-26, 1978; Ann Arobor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:211-268. SAE 780891.
2003	Bolte JH, Hines MH, Herriott RG, McFadden JD, Donnelly BR. Shoulder impact response and injury due to lateral and oblique loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:35-53. SAE 2003-22-0003.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
2002	Maltese MR, Eppinger RH, Rhule HH, Donnelly BR, Pintar FA, Yoganandan N. Response corridors of human surrogates in lateral impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:321-351. SAE 2002-22-0017.
2003	Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Gender dependent cervical spine segmental kinematics during whiplash. J Biomech. September 2003;36(9):1281-1289.
1993	Melvin JW, Horsch JD, McCleary JD, Wideman LC, Jensen JL, Wolanin MJ. Assessment of air bag deployment loads with the small female Hybrid III dummy. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:121-132. SAE 933119.
1973	Lobdell TE, Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Hering WE, Nahum AM. Impact response of the human thorax. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:201-243.
1997	Pintar FA, Yoganandan N, Hines MH, Maltese MR, McFadden J, Saul R, Eppinger R, Khaewpong N, Kleinberger M. Chestband analysis of human tolerance to side impact. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:63-74. SAE 973320.
2002	Rhule HH, Maltese MR, Donnelly BR, Eppinger RH, Brunner JK, Bolte JH IV. Development of a new biofidelity ranking system for anthropomorphic test devices. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:477-512. SAE 2002-22-0024.
1998	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Biomechanics of human thoracic ribs. J Biomech Eng. February 1998;120(1):100-104.
2002	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA, Maltese MR, Eppinger RH. Biofidelity evaluation of recent side impact dummies. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.

Cited By (20)

Year	Entry
2015	Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Normalization and scaling for human response corridors and development of injury risk curves. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:769-792.
2008	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Deflections from two types of human surrogates in oblique side impacts. In: 52nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6-8, 2008; San Diego, CA.301-313.
2011	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Schlick M, Moore J, Maiman DJ. Comparison of head-neck responses in frontal impacts using restrained human surrogates. In: 55th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-5, 2011; Paris, France.181-191.
2009	Eggers A, Schnottale B, Been B, Waagmeester K, Hynd D, Carroll J, Martínez L. Biofidelity of the WorldSID small female Revision1 dummy. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Humm JR, Hallman JJ, Maiman DJ. Analytical and experimental data of chest deflections and injuries in side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2013	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Humm JR, Rudd RW, Ridella SA. Biofidelity of force responses of different types of human surrogates in oblique side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2009	Humm JR, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Martin PG. Side oblique injury criterion. In: Proceedings of the 37th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2009.
2006	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Maiman D, Phillippens M, Wismans J. Head linear and rotational accelerations and craniocervical loads in lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.127-141.
2008	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Maiman DJ, Philippens M, Wismans J. Head kinematics, neck loads, and injuries in side impact sled tests. In: Proceedings of the 2008 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 17-19, 2008; Bern, Switzerland.179-193.
2013	Yoganandan N, Humm JR, Arun MWJ, Pintar FA. Oblique lateral impact biofidelity deflection corridors from post mortem human surrogates. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2013;57:427-440.
2007	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Stemper BD, Gennarelli TA, Weigelt JA. Biomechanics of side impact: injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology. J Biomech. 2007;40(2):227-243.
2009	Kim J-E, Li Z, Ito Y, Huber CD, Shih AM, Eberhardt AW, Yang KH, King AI, Soni BK. Finite element model development of a child pelvis with optimization-based material identification. J Biomech. September 18, 2009;42(13):2191-2195.
2013	Burkhart TA, Andrews DM, Dunning CE. Finite element modeling mesh quality, energy balance and validation methods: a review with recommendations associated with the modeling of bone tissue. J Biomech. May 31, 2013;46(9):1477-1488.
2014	Yoganandan N, Arun MWJ, Pintar FA. Normalizing and scaling of data to derive human response corridors from impact tests. J Biomech. June 3, 2014;47(8):1749-1756.
2008	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA, Martin PG, Ridella SA. Chest deflections and injuries in oblique lateral impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. June 2008;9(2):162-167.
2010	Hallman JJ. Detrimental Thoracoabdominal Interaction With Lateral Airbag Restraints [PhD thesis]. Wilwaukee, WI: Marquette University; December 2010.
2017	Shurtz BK. Human Thoracic Response to Impact: Chestband Effects, the Strain-Deflection Relationship, and Small Females in Side Impact Crashes [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2017.
2023	Fibbi CF. Analysis of PMHS Thoracic Strain in Various Combined Loading Scenarios [Master's thesis]. The Ohio State University; 2023.
2017	Kalra A. Development of an Elderly Female Torso Finite Element Model for Restraint System Research and Development Applications [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 2017.
2021	Weng Y. Investigation of Small Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (sRPAS) to Human Head Impact [Master's thesis]. University of Western Ontario; 2021.