The Effect of Inbound Mass on the Dynamic Response of the Hybrid III Headform and Brain Tissue Deformation

The varied impact parameters that characterize an impact to the head have shown to influence the resulting type and severity of outcome injury, both in terms of the dynamic response, and the corresponding deformation of neural tissue. Therefore, when determining head injury risks through event reconstruction, it is important to understand how individual impact characteristics influence these responses. The effect of inbound mass had not yet been documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of inbound mass on the dynamic impact response and brain tissue deformation. A 50th percentile Hybrid III adult male head form was impacted using a simple pendulum system. Impacts to a centric and a non-centric impact location were performed with six varied inbound masses at a velocity of 4.0 m/s. The peak linear and peak angular accelerations were measured. A finite element model, (UCDBTM) was used to determine brain deformation, namely peak maximum principal strain and peak von Mises stress. Inbound mass produced significant differences for peak linear acceleration for centric (F(5, 24) = 217.55, p=.0005) and non-centric (F(5, 24) = 161.98, p=.0005), and for peak angular acceleration for centric (F(5, 24) = 52.51, p=.0005) and non-centric (F(5, 24) = 4.18, p=.007) impact locations. A change in inbound mass also had a significant effect on peak maximum principal strain for centric (F(5, 24) = 11.04, p=.0005) and non-centric (F(5, 24) = 5.87, p =.001), and for peak von Mises stress for centric (F(5, 24) = 24.01, p=.0005) and non-centric (F(5, 24) = 4.62, p=.004) impact locations. These results indicate the inbound mass of an impact should be of consideration when determining risks and prevention to head and brain injury.

Year	Entry
1971	Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE. Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates. J Biomech. 1971;4(1):13-21.
2011	Walsh ES, Rousseau P, Hoshizaki TB. The influence of impact location and angle on the dynamic impact response of a Hybrid III headform. Sports Eng. March 2011;13(3):135-143.
1975	Padgaonkar AJ, Krieger KW, King AI. Measurement of angular acceleration of a rigid body using linear accelerometers. J Appl Mech. September 1975;42(3):552-556.
2005	Viano DC, Casson IR, Pellman EJ, Bir CA, Zhang L, Sherman DC, Boitano MA. Concussion in professional football: comparison with boxing head impacts: part 10. Neurosurgery. December 2005;57(6):1154-1172.
2005	Viano DC, Pellman EJ. Concussion in professional football: biomechanics of the striking player: part 8. Neurosurgery. February 2005;56(2):266-278.
1943	Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.
1982	Adams JH, Graham DI, Murray LS, Scott G. Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol. December 1982;12(6):557-563.
1981	Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA. Acceleration induced head injury in the monkey, II: neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol Suppl. 1981;7:26-28.
1987	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Tomei G, Wiser R, Graham DI, Adams J. Directional dependence of axonal brain injury due to centroidal and non-centroidal acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 9-11, 1987; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:49-53. SAE 872197.
2007	Kleiven S. Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:81-114. SAE 2007-22-0003.
2005	Flik K, Lyman S, Marx RG. American collegiate men’s ice hockey: an analysis of injuries. Am J Sports Med. February 2005;33(2):183-187.
2002	Kleiven S, Hardy WN. Correlation of an FE model of the human head with local brain motion: consequences for injury prediction. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:123-144. SAE 2002-22-0007.
1966	Gurdjian ES, Roberts VL, Thomas LM. Tolerance curves of acceleration and intracrantal pressure and protective index in experimental head injury. J Trauma. September 1966;6(5):600-604.
2011	Meaney DF, Smith DH. Biomechanics of concussion. Clin Sports Med. January 2011;30(1):19-31.
2008	Greenwald RM, Gwin JT, Chu JJ, Crisco JJ. Head impact severity measures for evaluating mild traumatic brain injury risk exposure. Neurosurgery. April 2008;62(4):789-798.
2003	Anderson RWG, Brown CJ, Blumbergs PC, McLean AJ, Jones NR. Impact mechanics and axonal injury in a sheep model. J Neurotrauma. October 2003;20(10):961-974.
1961	Strich SJ. Shearing of nerve fibres as a cause of brain damage due to head injury: a pathological study of twenty cases. Lancet. August 26, 1961;278(7200):443-448.
1946	Pudenz RH, Shelden CH. The lucite calvarium: a method for direct observation of the brain, II: cranial trauma and brain movement. J Neurosurg. 1946;3(6):487-505.
1992	Trosseille X, Tarriére C, Lavaste F, Guillon F, Domont A. Development of a F.E.M. of the human head according to a specific test protocol. In: Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1992; Seattle, WA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:235-253. SAE 922527.
2004	Hoshizaki TB, Brien SE. The science and design of head protection in sport. Neurosurgery. October 2004;55(4):956-967.
2003	Horgan TJ, Gilchrist MD. The creation of three-dimensional finite element models for simulating head impact biomechanics. Int J Crashworthiness. 2003;8(4):353-366.
1974	Hubbard RP, McLeod DG. Definition and development of a crash dummy head. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:599-628. SAE 741193.
1991	Meaney DF. Biomechanics of Acute Subdural Hematoma in the Subhuman Primate and Man [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1991.
1989	Deng Y-C. Anthropomorphic dummy neck modeling and injury considerations. Accid Anal Prev. February 1989;21(1):85-100.
2002	Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Leclerc S, Johnston KM. Concussions among university football and soccer players. Clin J Sport Med. November 2002;2(6):331-338.
1979	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM. Acceleration induced shear strains in a monkey brain hemisection. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:589-611. SAE 791023.
2002	Kleiven S. Finite Element Modeling of the Human Head [PhD thesis]. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology; 2002.
2003	King AI, Yang KH, Zhang L, Hardy W, Viano DC. Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration? In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.1-12.
1993	Galbraith JA, Thibault LE, Matteson DR. Mechanical and electrical responses of the squid giant axon to simple elongation. J Biomech Eng. February 1993;115(1):13-22.
2002	Kleiven S, von Holst H. Consequences of head size following trauma to the human head. J Biomech. 2002;35(2):153-160.
1995	Zhou C, Khalil TB, King AI. A new model comparing impact responses of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous human brain. In: Proceedings of the 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1995; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:121-137. SAE 952714.
2003	Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, Casson IR. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts—part 2. Neurosurgery. December 2003;53(6):1328-1341.
1967	Hodgson VR. Tolerance of the facial bones to impact. Am J Anat. 1967;120(1):113-122.
2006	Zhang J, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA. Brain strains in vehicle impact tests. In: 50th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 2006; Chicago, IL.1-12.
2001	Hardy WN, Foster CD, Mason MJ, Yang KH, King AI, Tashman S. Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar x-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:337-368. SAE 2001-22-0016.
1972	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Ommaya AK. Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:296-308. SAE 720970.
1967	Ommaya AK, Yarnell P, Hirsch AE, Harris EH. Scaling of experimental data on cerebral concussion in sub-human primates to concussion threshold for man. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:73-80. SAE 670906.
2004	Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J Biomech Eng. 2004;126(2):226-236.
1953	Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR, Latimer FR, Haddad BF, Webster JE. Quantitative determination of acceleration and intracranial pressure in experimental head injury: preliminary report. Neurology. 1953;3(6):417-423.
1995	Zhou C. Finite Element Modeling of Impact Response of an Inhomogeneous Brain [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1995.
2000	Bain AC, Meaney DF. Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury. J Biomech Eng. December 2000;122(6):615-622.
2005	Horgan TJ. A Finite Element Model of the Human Head for Use in the Study of Pedestrian Accidents [PhD thesis]. Dublin, Ireland: University College Dublin; 2005.
1979	Gennarelli TA, Abel JM, Adams H, Graham D. Differential tolerance of frontal and temporal lobes to contusion induced by angular acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:563-586. SAE 791022.
2004	Goldsmith W, Plunket J. A biomechanical analysis of the causes of traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. June 2004;25(2):89-100.
1983	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM, Khalil TB. The role of impact location in reversible cerebral concussion. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:225-240. SAE 831618.
2007	Schnebel B, Gwin JT, Anderson S, Gatlin R. In vivo study of head impacts in football: a comparison of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I versus high school impacts. Neurosurgery. March 2007;60(3):490-496.
1999	Al-Bsharat AS, Hardy WN, Yang KH, Khalil TB, Tashman S, King AI. Brain/skull relative displacement magnitude due to blunt head impact: new experimental data and model. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:321-332. SAE 99SC22.
2006	Doorly MC, Gilchrist MD. The use of accident reconstruction for the analysis of traumatic brain injury due to head impacts arising from falls. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. December 2006;9(6):371-377.
2003	Willinger R, Baumgartner D. Human head tolerance limits to specific injury mechanisms. Int J Crashworthiness. 2003;8(6):605-617.
2005	Duma SM, Manoogian SJ, Bussone WR, Brolinson PG, Goforth MW, Donnenwerth JJ, Greenwald RM, Chu JJ, Crisco JJ. Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players. Clin J Sport Med. January 2005;15(1):3-8.
1975	Ward CC, Thompson RB. The development of a detailed finite element brain model. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:641-674. SAE 751163.
1993	Ruan JS, Khalil TB, King AI. Finite element modeling of direct head impact. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:69-81. SAE 933114.
2001	Zhang L, Yang KH, Dwarampudi R, Omori K, Li T, Chang K, Hardy WN, Khalil TB, King AI. Recent advances in brain injury research: a new human head model development and validation. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:369-394. SAE 2001-22-0017.
1977	Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-366. SAE 770922.
2005	Walilko TJ, Viano DC, Bir CA. Biomechanics of the head for Olympic boxer punches to the face. Br J Sports Med. October 2005;39(10):710-719.
2006	Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Withnall C, Shewchenko N, Bir CA, Halstead PD. Concussion in professional football: helmet testing to assess impact performance—Part 11. Neurosurgery. January 2006;58(1):78-95.
2000	Newman JA, Shewchenko N, Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessment function: the maximum power index. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:215-247. SAE 2000-01-SC16.
1980	Ono K, Kikuchi A, Nakamura M, Kobayashi H, Nakamura N. Human head tolerance to sagittal impact reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using subhuman primates and human cadaver skulls. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:103-160. SAE 801303.
2001	Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. Biomechanics of neurotrauma. Neurol Res. March–April 2001;23(2-3):144-156.
1995	Willinger R, Taleb L, Kopp C-M. Modal and temporal analysis of head mathematical models. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):743-754.
1966	Gadd CW. Use of a weighted-impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:164-174. SAE 660793.
2003	Kleiven S. Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma. April 2003;20(4):365-379.
1986	Newman JA. A generalized acceleration model for brain injury threshold (GAMBIT). In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.121-131.
1994	Ruan JS. Impact Biomechanics of Head Injury by Mathematical Modeling [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1994.
1982	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.
1989	Viano DC, King AI, Melvin JW, Weber K. Injury biomechanics research: an essential element in the prevention of trauma. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):403-417.
1971	Versace J. A review of the severity index. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:771-796. SAE 710881.

Year

Entry

1971

Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE. Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates. J Biomech. 1971;4(1):13-21.

2011

Walsh ES, Rousseau P, Hoshizaki TB. The influence of impact location and angle on the dynamic impact response of a Hybrid III headform. Sports Eng. March 2011;13(3):135-143.

1975

Padgaonkar AJ, Krieger KW, King AI. Measurement of angular acceleration of a rigid body using linear accelerometers. J Appl Mech. September 1975;42(3):552-556.

2005

Viano DC, Casson IR, Pellman EJ, Bir CA, Zhang L, Sherman DC, Boitano MA. Concussion in professional football: comparison with boxing head impacts: part 10. Neurosurgery. December 2005;57(6):1154-1172.

2005

Viano DC, Pellman EJ. Concussion in professional football: biomechanics of the striking player: part 8. Neurosurgery. February 2005;56(2):266-278.

1943

Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.

1982

Adams JH, Graham DI, Murray LS, Scott G. Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol. December 1982;12(6):557-563.

1981

Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA. Acceleration induced head injury in the monkey, II: neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol Suppl. 1981;7:26-28.

1987

Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Tomei G, Wiser R, Graham DI, Adams J. Directional dependence of axonal brain injury due to centroidal and non-centroidal acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 9-11, 1987; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:49-53. SAE 872197.

2007

Kleiven S. Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:81-114. SAE 2007-22-0003.

2005

Flik K, Lyman S, Marx RG. American collegiate men’s ice hockey: an analysis of injuries. Am J Sports Med. February 2005;33(2):183-187.

2002

Kleiven S, Hardy WN. Correlation of an FE model of the human head with local brain motion: consequences for injury prediction. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:123-144. SAE 2002-22-0007.

1966

Gurdjian ES, Roberts VL, Thomas LM. Tolerance curves of acceleration and intracrantal pressure and protective index in experimental head injury. J Trauma. September 1966;6(5):600-604.

2011

Meaney DF, Smith DH. Biomechanics of concussion. Clin Sports Med. January 2011;30(1):19-31.

2008

Greenwald RM, Gwin JT, Chu JJ, Crisco JJ. Head impact severity measures for evaluating mild traumatic brain injury risk exposure. Neurosurgery. April 2008;62(4):789-798.

2003

Anderson RWG, Brown CJ, Blumbergs PC, McLean AJ, Jones NR. Impact mechanics and axonal injury in a sheep model. J Neurotrauma. October 2003;20(10):961-974.

1961

Strich SJ. Shearing of nerve fibres as a cause of brain damage due to head injury: a pathological study of twenty cases. Lancet. August 26, 1961;278(7200):443-448.

1946

Pudenz RH, Shelden CH. The lucite calvarium: a method for direct observation of the brain, II: cranial trauma and brain movement. J Neurosurg. 1946;3(6):487-505.

1992

Trosseille X, Tarriére C, Lavaste F, Guillon F, Domont A. Development of a F.E.M. of the human head according to a specific test protocol. In: Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1992; Seattle, WA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:235-253. SAE 922527.

2004

Hoshizaki TB, Brien SE. The science and design of head protection in sport. Neurosurgery. October 2004;55(4):956-967.

2003

Horgan TJ, Gilchrist MD. The creation of three-dimensional finite element models for simulating head impact biomechanics. Int J Crashworthiness. 2003;8(4):353-366.

1974

Hubbard RP, McLeod DG. Definition and development of a crash dummy head. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:599-628. SAE 741193.

1991

Meaney DF. Biomechanics of Acute Subdural Hematoma in the Subhuman Primate and Man [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1991.

1989

Deng Y-C. Anthropomorphic dummy neck modeling and injury considerations. Accid Anal Prev. February 1989;21(1):85-100.

2002

Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Leclerc S, Johnston KM. Concussions among university football and soccer players. Clin J Sport Med. November 2002;2(6):331-338.

1979

Hodgson VR, Thomas LM. Acceleration induced shear strains in a monkey brain hemisection. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:589-611. SAE 791023.

2002

Kleiven S. Finite Element Modeling of the Human Head [PhD thesis]. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology; 2002.

2003

King AI, Yang KH, Zhang L, Hardy W, Viano DC. Is head injury caused by linear or angular acceleration? In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.1-12.

1993

Galbraith JA, Thibault LE, Matteson DR. Mechanical and electrical responses of the squid giant axon to simple elongation. J Biomech Eng. February 1993;115(1):13-22.

2002

Kleiven S, von Holst H. Consequences of head size following trauma to the human head. J Biomech. 2002;35(2):153-160.

1995

Zhou C, Khalil TB, King AI. A new model comparing impact responses of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous human brain. In: Proceedings of the 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1995; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:121-137. SAE 952714.

2003

Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, Casson IR. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts—part 2. Neurosurgery. December 2003;53(6):1328-1341.

1967

Hodgson VR. Tolerance of the facial bones to impact. Am J Anat. 1967;120(1):113-122.

2006

Zhang J, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA. Brain strains in vehicle impact tests. In: 50th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 2006; Chicago, IL.1-12.

2001

Hardy WN, Foster CD, Mason MJ, Yang KH, King AI, Tashman S. Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar x-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:337-368. SAE 2001-22-0016.

1972

Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Ommaya AK. Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:296-308. SAE 720970.

1967

Ommaya AK, Yarnell P, Hirsch AE, Harris EH. Scaling of experimental data on cerebral concussion in sub-human primates to concussion threshold for man. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:73-80. SAE 670906.

2004

Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J Biomech Eng. 2004;126(2):226-236.

1953

Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR, Latimer FR, Haddad BF, Webster JE. Quantitative determination of acceleration and intracranial pressure in experimental head injury: preliminary report. Neurology. 1953;3(6):417-423.

1995

Zhou C. Finite Element Modeling of Impact Response of an Inhomogeneous Brain [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1995.

2000

Bain AC, Meaney DF. Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury. J Biomech Eng. December 2000;122(6):615-622.

2005

Horgan TJ. A Finite Element Model of the Human Head for Use in the Study of Pedestrian Accidents [PhD thesis]. Dublin, Ireland: University College Dublin; 2005.

1979

Gennarelli TA, Abel JM, Adams H, Graham D. Differential tolerance of frontal and temporal lobes to contusion induced by angular acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:563-586. SAE 791022.

2004

Goldsmith W, Plunket J. A biomechanical analysis of the causes of traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. June 2004;25(2):89-100.

1983

Hodgson VR, Thomas LM, Khalil TB. The role of impact location in reversible cerebral concussion. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:225-240. SAE 831618.

2007

Schnebel B, Gwin JT, Anderson S, Gatlin R. In vivo study of head impacts in football: a comparison of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I versus high school impacts. Neurosurgery. March 2007;60(3):490-496.

1999

Al-Bsharat AS, Hardy WN, Yang KH, Khalil TB, Tashman S, King AI. Brain/skull relative displacement magnitude due to blunt head impact: new experimental data and model. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:321-332. SAE 99SC22.

2006

Doorly MC, Gilchrist MD. The use of accident reconstruction for the analysis of traumatic brain injury due to head impacts arising from falls. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. December 2006;9(6):371-377.

2003

Willinger R, Baumgartner D. Human head tolerance limits to specific injury mechanisms. Int J Crashworthiness. 2003;8(6):605-617.

2005

Duma SM, Manoogian SJ, Bussone WR, Brolinson PG, Goforth MW, Donnenwerth JJ, Greenwald RM, Chu JJ, Crisco JJ. Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players. Clin J Sport Med. January 2005;15(1):3-8.

1975

Ward CC, Thompson RB. The development of a detailed finite element brain model. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1975; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:641-674. SAE 751163.

1993

Ruan JS, Khalil TB, King AI. Finite element modeling of direct head impact. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:69-81. SAE 933114.

2001

Zhang L, Yang KH, Dwarampudi R, Omori K, Li T, Chang K, Hardy WN, Khalil TB, King AI. Recent advances in brain injury research: a new human head model development and validation. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:369-394. SAE 2001-22-0017.

1977

Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-366. SAE 770922.

2005

Walilko TJ, Viano DC, Bir CA. Biomechanics of the head for Olympic boxer punches to the face. Br J Sports Med. October 2005;39(10):710-719.

2006

Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Withnall C, Shewchenko N, Bir CA, Halstead PD. Concussion in professional football: helmet testing to assess impact performance—Part 11. Neurosurgery. January 2006;58(1):78-95.

2000

Newman JA, Shewchenko N, Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessment function: the maximum power index. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:215-247. SAE 2000-01-SC16.

1980

Ono K, Kikuchi A, Nakamura M, Kobayashi H, Nakamura N. Human head tolerance to sagittal impact reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using subhuman primates and human cadaver skulls. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:103-160. SAE 801303.

2001

Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. Biomechanics of neurotrauma. Neurol Res. March–April 2001;23(2-3):144-156.

1995

Willinger R, Taleb L, Kopp C-M. Modal and temporal analysis of head mathematical models. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):743-754.

1966

Gadd CW. Use of a weighted-impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:164-174. SAE 660793.

2003

Kleiven S. Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma. April 2003;20(4):365-379.

1986

Newman JA. A generalized acceleration model for brain injury threshold (GAMBIT). In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.121-131.

1994

Ruan JS. Impact Biomechanics of Head Injury by Mathematical Modeling [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1994.

1982

Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.

1989

Viano DC, King AI, Melvin JW, Weber K. Injury biomechanics research: an essential element in the prevention of trauma. J Biomech. 1989;22(5):403-417.

1971

Versace J. A review of the severity index. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:771-796. SAE 710881.

Year	Entry
2014	Rousseau P. Analysis of Concussion Metrics of Real-World Concussive and Non-Injurious Elbow and Shoulder to Head Collisions in Ice Hockey [PhD thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2014.
2020	Paiement B. A Comparison of Brain Trauma Profiles Between Elite Men's Rugby Union 15s and Rugby Union 7s Game Play [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2020.

Year

Entry

2014

Rousseau P. Analysis of Concussion Metrics of Real-World Concussive and Non-Injurious Elbow and Shoulder to Head Collisions in Ice Hockey [PhD thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2014.

2020

Paiement B. A Comparison of Brain Trauma Profiles Between Elite Men's Rugby Union 15s and Rugby Union 7s Game Play [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2020.