Diffuse brain damage of immediate impact type:​ its relationship to “primary brain-stem damage” in head injury

Adams, J. Hume; Mitchell, Dorothy E.; Graham, D. I.; Doyle, David

Affiliations

¹The University Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF

Links

DOI: 10.1093/brain/100.3.489

WoS: A1977EF47900004

History

Received: 1977-01-04

Cited Works (9)

Year	Entry
1974	Ommaya AK, Gennarelli TA. Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness: correlation of experimental and clinical observations of blunt head injuries. Brain. December 1974;97(4):633-654.
1943	Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.
1967	Peerless SJ, Rewcastle NB. Shear injuries of the brain. Can Med Assoc J. March 11, 1967;96(10):577-582.
1945	Holbourn AHS. The mechanics of brain injuries. Br Med Bull. January 1945;3(6):147-149.
1968	Oppenheimer DR. Microscopic lesions in the brain following head injury. J Neurol Neutrosurg Psychiatry. August 1968;31(4):299-306.
1956	Strich SJ. Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral white matter in severe dementia following head injury. J Neurol Neutrosurg Psychiatry. August 1956;19(3):163-185.
1941	Denny-Brown D, Russell WR. Experimental cerebral concussion. Brain. September 1941;64(2-3):93-164.
1961	Strich SJ. Shearing of nerve fibres as a cause of brain damage due to head injury: a pathological study of twenty cases. Lancet. August 26, 1961;278(7200):443-448.
1946	Pudenz RH, Shelden CH. The lucite calvarium: a method for direct observation of the brain, II: cranial trauma and brain movement. J Neurosurg. 1946;3(6):487-505.

Cited By (35)

Year	Entry
1981	Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA. Acceleration induced head injury in the monkey, II: neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol Suppl. 1981;7:26-28.
2002	Meythaler J, Peduzzi J, Eleftheriou E. Mechanically induced diffuse axonal injury: brain injury due to periodic and indicial traumatic events. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2002; Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.95-113.
1995	Blumbergs PC, Scott G, Manavis J, Wainwright H, McLean AJ, Kloeden C, Simpson DA. Topography and quantitation of axonal injury as defined by amyloid precursor protein and the sector scoring method in lateral and occipital head impacts: a preliminary report. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.199-216.
2011	Zhang L, Gennarelli TA. Mathematical modeling of diffuse brain injury: correlations of foci and severity of brain strain with clinical symptoms and pathology. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2011; Krakow, Poland.315-324.
1985	Viano DC. Perspectives on head injury research. In: Proceedings of the 1985 International IRCOBI/AAAM Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1985; Göteborg, Sweden.159-176.
2016	Jones DA, Urban JE, Weaver AA, Stitzel JD. Investigation of head injury mechanisms through multivariate finite element simulation. In: Proceedings of the 12th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. June 5-7, 2016; Columbus, OH.
1994	Zhou C, Khalil TB, King AI. Shear stress distribution in the porcine brain due to rotational impact. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:133-143. SAE 942214.
2003	Takhounts EG, Eppinger RH, Campbell JQ, Tannous RE, Power ED, Shook LS. On the development of the SIMon finite element head model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:107-133. SAE 2003-22-0007.
1983	Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA. Head injury in man and experimental animals: neuropathology. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Berlin). 1983;32:15-30.
2012	Finan JD, Elkin BS, Pearson EM, Kalbian IL, Morrison B III. Viscoelastic properties of the rat brain in the sagittal plane: effects of anatomical structure and age. Ann Biomed Eng. January 2012;40(1):70-78.
1982	Adams JH, Graham DI, Murray LS, Scott G. Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol. December 1982;12(6):557-563.
1982	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.
1992	Povlishock JT. Traumatically induced axonal injury: pathogenesis and pathobiological implications. Brain Pathol. January 1992;2(1):1-12.
1989	Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI, McLellan DR. Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology. July 1989;15(1):49-59.
1983	Povlishock JT, Becker DP, Cheng CLY, Vaughan GW. Axonal change in minor head injury. J Neuropathol & Exp Neurol. 1983;42(3):225-242.
1989	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Tipperman R, Tomei G, Sergot R, Brown M, Maxwell WL, Graham DI, Adams JH, Irvine A, Gennarelli LM, Duhaime AC, Boock R, Greenberg J. Axonal injury in the optic nerve: a model simulating diffuse axonal injury in the brain. J Neurosurg. August 1989;71(2):244-253.
1994	Foda MAA-E, Marmarou A. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats, II: morphological characterization. J Neurosurg. February 1994;80(2):301-313.
1995	Povlishock JT, Christman CW. Traumatically induced axonal injury in animals and humans: a review of current thoughts. J Neurotrauma. June 1995;12(3):555-564.
1995	King AI, Ruan JS, Zhou C, Hardy WN, Khalil TB. Recent advances in biomechanics of brain injury research: a review. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):651-658.
1997	Ruan JS, Khalil TB, King AI. Impact head injury analysis using an explicit finite element human head model. J Traffic Med. 1997;25(1-2):33-40.
2009	Yoganandan N, Gennarelli TA, Zhang J, Pintar FA, Takhounts E, Ridella SA. Association of contact loading in diffuse axonal injuries from motor vehicle crashes. J Trauma. February 2009;66(2):309-315.
2005	Viano DC, Casson IR, Pellman EJ, Zhang L, King AI, Yang KH. Concussion in professional football: brain responses by finite element analysis: part 9. Neurosurgery. November 2005;57(5):891-916.
2002	Shaw NA. The neurophysiology of concussion. Prog Neurobiol. July 2002;67(4):281-344.
2001	Ivarsson J, Viano DC, Lövsund P. Influence of the anterior and middle cranial fossae on brain kinematics during sagittal plane head rotation. J Crash Prev Injury Control. 2001;2(4):271-287.
2016	Antona-Makoshi J. Traumatic Brain Injuries: Animal Experiments and Numerical Simulations to Support the Development of a Brain Injury Criterion [PhD thesis]. Götenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2016.
2008	Fijalkowski RJ. Rotational Acceleration Pulse Characteristics Affect Mild Diffuse Brain Injury Severity [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; May 2008.
1992	Mendis K. Finite Element Modeling of the Brain to Establish Diffuse Axonal Injury Criteria [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; November 1992.
2014	Patton DA. The Biomechanical Determinants of Sports-Related Concussion: Finite Element Simulations of Unhelmeted Head Impacts to Evaluate Kinematic and Tissue-Level Predictors of Injury and Investigate the Design Implications for Soft-Shell Headgear [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; March 2014.
1997	Arbogast KB. A Characterization of the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of the Brainstem [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1997.
2009	Eucker SA. Effect of Head Rotation Direction on Closed Head Injury in Neonatal Piglets [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
1995	Guskiewicz KM. Effect of Mild Head Injury on Postural Stability [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 1995.
2017	Sanchez EJ. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Head and Brain Injury Risk Functions [Master's thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; December 2017.
1994	Ruan JS. Impact Biomechanics of Head Injury by Mathematical Modeling [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1994.
1995	Zhou C. Finite Element Modeling of Impact Response of an Inhomogeneous Brain [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1995.
2007	Hardy WN. Response of the Human Cadaver Head to Impact [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; December 2007.