Whiplash injury and brain damage:​ an experimental study

Ommaya, Ayub K.; Faas, Fred; Yarnell, Philip

Affiliations

¹Branch of Surgical Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Bethesda, Md

²Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas Medical Center, Little Rock, Ark

³Department of Neurology, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York

Abstract

Experimental whiplash injury in rhesus monkeys has demonstrated that experimental cerebral concussion, as well as gross hemorrhages and contusions over the surface of the brain and upper cervical cord, can be produced by rotational displacement of the head on the neck alone, without significant direct head impact. These experimental observations have been studied in the light of published reports of cerebral concussion and other evidence for central nervous system involvement after whiplash injury in man.

Links

DOI: 10.1001/jama.1968.03140170001001

PubMed: 4967499

WoS: A1968A986900001

Cited Works (7)

Year	Entry
1953	Gay JR, Abbott KH. Common whiplash injuries of the neck. JAMA. August 29, 1953;152(18):1698-1704.
1966	Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE, Flamm ES, Mahone RH. Cerebral concussion in the monkey: an experimental model. Science. July 8, 1966;153(3732):211-212.
1966	Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE, Martinez JL. The role of whiplash in cerebral concussion. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:314-324. SAE 660804.
1967	Ommaya AK, Yarnell P, Hirsch AE, Harris EH. Scaling of experimental data on cerebral concussion in sub-human primates to concussion threshold for man. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:73-80. SAE 670906.
1964	Ommaya AK, Rockoff SD, Baldwin M, Friau WS. Experimental concussion: a first report. J Neurosurg. April 1964;21:249-265.
1943	Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.
1965	Wickstrom J, Martinez JL, Johnston D, Tappen NC. Acceleration-deceleration injuries of the cervical spine in animals. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:284-301.

Cited By (41)

Year	Entry
2002	Ommaya AK, Goldsmith W, Thibault L. Biomechanics and neuropathology of adult and paediatric head injury. Br J Neurosurg. June 2002;16(3):220-242.
1970	Ommaya AK. Discussion. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM, eds. Impact Injury and Crash Protection. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1970:303-307.
1970	Hirsch AE, Ommaya AK, Mahone RH. Tolerance of subhuman primate brain to cerebral concussion. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM, eds. Impact Injury and Crash Protection. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1970:352-369.
1972	Goldsmith W. Biomechanics of head injury. In: Fung YC, Perrone N, Anliker M, eds. Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives. Symposium on Biomechanics, its Foundations and Objectives; July 29-31, 1970. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Inc., Prentice-Hall International; 1972:585-634.
1990	Fung YC. Biomechanics: Motion, Flow, Stress, and Growth. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990.
1971	Roca PD. Ocular manifestations of whiplash injuries. In: 15th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 20-23, 1971; Colorado Springs, CO.308-319.
2011	Mallory A, Herriott R, Rhule H. Subdural hematoma and aging: crash characteristics and associated injuries. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
1973	Ommaya AK, Thibault L. Head and spinal injury tolerance with no direct head impact. In: Proceedings of the 1973 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. June 26-27, 1973; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.311-319.
1975	Reid SE, Epstein HN, O’Dea TJ, Louis MW, Reid SE Jr. A study of head impacts in living man using radiotelemetry. In: Proceedings of the 1975 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1975; Birmingham, UK.143-152.
1984	Chapon A, Dedoyan A, Verriest J-P. Intra-cranial injuries associated with unconsciousness in two-wheeler accidents. In: Proceedings of the 1984 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 4-6, 1984; Delft, The Netherlands.111-127.
2007	Deck C, Baumgartner D, Willinger R. Influence of rotational acceleration on intracranial mechanical parameters under accidental circumstances. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.185-197.
2017	Deck C, Bourdet N, Halldin P, DeBruyne G, Willinger R. Protection capability of bicycle helmets under oblique impact assessed with two separate brain FE models. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.190-200.
1973	States JD. Trauma evaluation needs. In: King WF, Mertz HJ, eds. Human Impact Response: Measurement and Simulation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Impact Response held at the General Motors Research Laboratorie; October 2-3, 1972; Warren, MI. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1973:3-16.
1967	Ommaya AK, Yarnell P, Hirsch AE, Harris EH. Scaling of experimental data on cerebral concussion in sub-human primates to concussion threshold for man. In: Proceedings of the 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 10-11, 1967; Anaheim, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:73-80. SAE 670906.
1968	Douglass JM, Nahum AM, Roberts SB. Applications of experimental head injury research. In: Proceedings of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 22-23, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:317-337. SAE 680786.
1970	Hirsch AE, Ommaya AK. Protection from brain injury: the relative significance of translational and rotational motions of the head after impact. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:144-151. SAE 700899.
1970	Portnoy HD, Benjamin D, Brian M, McCoy LE, Pince B, Edgerton R, Young J. Intracranial pressure and head acceleration during whiplash. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:152-168. SAE 700900.
1994	Bandak FA, Eppinger RH. A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the human brain under combined rotational and translational accelerations. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:145-163. SAE 942215.
2009	Fijalkowski RJ, Yoganandan N, Zhang J, Pintar FA. A finite element model of region-specific response for mild diffuse brain injury. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:193-213. SAE 2009-22-0007.
1971	Ommaya AK, Hirsch AE. Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates. J Biomech. 1971;4(1):13-21.
1973	Bycroft GN. Mathematical model of a head subjected to an angular acceleration. J Biomech. 1973;6(5):487-495.
2012	Breedlove EL, Robinson M, Talavage TM, Morigaki KE, Yoruk U, O'Keefe K, King J, Leverenz LJ, Gilger JW, Nauman EA. Biomechanical correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic neurophysiological impairment in high school football J Biomech. April 30, 2012;45(7):1265-1272.
1971	Ommaya AK, Grubb RL Jr, Naumann RA. Coup and contre-coup injury: observations on the mechanics of visible brain injuries in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosurg. November 1971;35(5):503-516.
1995	Bandak FA. On the mechanics of impact neurotrauma: a review and critical synthesis. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):635-649.
1978	Huelke DF, Mendelsohn RA, States JD, Melvin JW. Cervical fractures and fracture-dislocations sustained without head impact. J Trauma. 1978;18(7):533-538.
1994	Barnsley L, Lord S, Bogduk N. Whiplash injury. Pain. September 1994;58(3):283-307.
2002	Shaw NA. The neurophysiology of concussion. Prog Neurobiol. July 2002;67(4):281-344.
1971	Reid SE, Tarkington JA, Epstein HM, O'Dea TJ. Brain tolerance to impact in football. Surg Gynecol Obstet. December 1971;133(6):929-936.
2002	Ivarsson J. Physical Modeling of Brain and Head Kinematics [PhD thesis]. Götenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2002.
2021	Eckersley C. Cavitation in Blunt Traumatic Brain Injury [PhD thesis]. Duke University; 2021.
2023	Baker C. AutoTriage: A Feasibility Assessment of Using in-Vehicle Sensors to Predict Traumatic Brain Injury in Road Traffic Collisions [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; March 23, 2023.
2020	Fanton M. Effect of Cervical Spine and Helmet Properties on Traumatic Brain Injury [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; July 2020.
2019	Bashir A. Translational Modelling of Traumatic Axonal and Vascular Injury Using CHIMERA (Closed Head Impact odel of Engineered Rotational Acceleration) [PhD thesis]. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia; December 2019.
2001	Monson KL. Mechanical and Failure Properties of Human Cerebral Blood Vessels [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2001.
2014	Patton DA. The Biomechanical Determinants of Sports-Related Concussion: Finite Element Simulations of Unhelmeted Head Impacts to Evaluate Kinematic and Tissue-Level Predictors of Injury and Investigate the Design Implications for Soft-Shell Headgear [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; March 2014.
2018	Taylor K. The Use of Decoupling Structures in Helmet Liners to Reduce Maximum Principal Brain Tissue Strain for Head Impacts [PhD thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2018.
2019	Cournoyer J. Head Impact Severity Associated With Loss of Consciousness and Impact Seizures in Sport-Related Concussions [PhD thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2019.
2009	Ibrahim NG. Head Injury Biomechanics in Toddlers: Integrated Clinical, Anthropomorphic Dummy, Animal and Finite Element Model Studies: Implications for Age-Dependence [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
2018	Atlan LS. Direction-Dependent Responses to Traumatic Brain Injury in Pediatric Pigs [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2018.
1994	Ruan JS. Impact Biomechanics of Head Injury by Mathematical Modeling [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 1994.
2015	Li Y. An Investigation of the Relationship Between Axonal Injury, Biomarker Expression and Mechanical Response in a Rodent Head Impact Acceleration Model [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2015.