Simulation of muscle tensing in pre-impact bracing

Klopp, Gregory S.; Crandall, Jeff R.; Sieveka, Edwin M.; Pilkey, Walter D.

Affiliations

¹School of Engineering and Applied Science, The University of Virginia

Abstract

Reflexive muscular bracing of the lower extremities can play a significant role in occupant kinematics and kinetics. It is known that the muscles of the legs can generate substantial resisting forces that could be used to help the occupant ride down the crash. The consequences of muscular bracing on injury are investigated with numerical simulations and laboratory studies. The tests suggest that muscular bracing acts to increase the peak axial load in the tibia and the impulse absorbed by the leg; however, these values were not injurious when intrusion was not present. Numerical simulation of intrusion suggested that loading of the tensed leg could exceed the published injury threshold.

Cited Works (8)

Year	Entry
1980	Begeman PC, King AI, Levine RS, Viano DC. Biodynamic response of the musculoskeletal system to impact acceleration. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:479-509. SAE 801312.
1977	Gordon SL, Orticke PN, Prince J, Mcmeekin RR. Dynamic characteristics of human leg joints. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:419-441. SAE 770924.
1994	Crandall JR, Klisch SM, Klopp GS, Sieveka E, Pilkey WD, Martin P. Research program to investigate lower extremity injuries. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 28–March 3, 1994; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:19-30. SAE 940711.
1992	Otte D, von Rheinbaben H, Zwipp H. Biomechanics of injuries to the foot and ankle joint of car drivers and improvements for an optimal car floor development. In: Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1992; Seattle, WA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:43-58. SAE 922514.
1983	Reidelbach W, Zeidler F. Comparison of injury severity assigned to lower extremity skeletal damages versus upper body lesions. In: 27th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 3-6, 1983; San Antonio, TX.141-155.
1986	States JD. Adult occupant injuries of the lower limb. In: Biomechanics and Medical Aspects of Lower Limb Injuries. Symposium on Biomechanics and Medical Aspects of Lower Limb Injuries; October 29-30, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineering:97-107. SAE 861927.
1994	Dischinger PC, Burgess AR, Cushing BM, O'Quinn TD, Schmidhauser CB, Ho SM, Juliano PJ, Bents FD. Lower extremity trauma in vehicular front-seat occupants: patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 28–March 3, 1994; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 940710.
1991	Pattimore D, Ward E, Thomas P, Bradford M. The nature and cause of lower limb injuries in car crashes. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:177-188. SAE 912901.

Cited By (29)

Year	Entry
1997	Crandall JR, Martin PG. Lower injuries sustained in crashes and corresponding biomechanical research. In: Proceedings of the International Symposum on Real World Crash Injury Research. 1997; Leicestershire, UK.
2015	Siegmund GP, Chimich DD, Elkin BS. Role of muscles in accidental injury. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:611-642.
2010	McGehee DV, Carsten OMJ. Perception and biodynamics in unalerted precrash response. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.315-332.
1998	Kitagawa Y, Ichikawa H, Pal C, King AI, Levine RS. Lower leg in juries caused by dynamic axial loading and muscle testing. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1597-1607.
1998	Manning P, Wallace A, Owen C, Roberts A, Oakley C, Lowne R. Dynamic response and injury mechanism in the human foot and ankle and an analysis of dummy biofidelity. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1960-1998.
2001	Funk JR, Crandall JR, Tourret LJ, MacMahon CB, Bass CR, Khaewpong N, Eppinger RH. The effect of active muscle tension on the axial injury tolerance of the human foot/ankle complex. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2005	Choi HY, Sah SJ, Lee B, Cho HS, Kang SJ, Mun MS, Lee I, Lee J. Experimental and numerical studies of muscular activations of bracing occupant. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
1997	Klopp GS, Crandall JR, Hall GW, Pilkey WD, Hurwitz SR, Kuppa SM. Mechanisms of injury and injury criteria for the human foot and ankle in dynamic axial impacts to the foot. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.73-86.
1998	Owen C, Roberts A, Manning P, Lowne R. Positioning and bracing of the lower leg during emergency braking: a volunteer study. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.147-159.
1998	Palmertz C, Jakobsson L, Karlsson A-S. Pedal use and foot positioning during emergency braking. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.135-146.
1999	Rudd R, Crandall J, Butcher J. Biofidelity evaluation of dynamic and static response characteristics of the Thor Lx dummy lower extremity. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.485-497.
2003	Vezin P, Verriest JP. Influence of the impact and restraint conditions on human surrogate head response to a frontal deceleration. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.39-56.
2007	Sugiyama T, Kimpara H, Iwamoto M, Yamada D, Nakahira Y, Hada M. Effects of muscle tense on impact responses of lower extremity. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.127-140.
2009	Crandall J. Simulating the road forward: the role of computational modeling in realizing future opportunities in traffic safety. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.3-27.
2005	Shaw G, Lessley D, Crandall J, Kent R, Kitis L. Elimination of thoracic muscle tensing effects for frontal crash dummies. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0307.
1996	Tannous RE, Bandak FA, Toridis TG, Eppinger RH. A three-dimensional finite element model of the human ankle: development and preliminary application to axial impulsive loading. In: Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-6, 1996; Albuquerque, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:219-238.219-238. SAE 962427.
1999	Shams T, Beach D, White RP, Rangarajan N, Haffner M, Eppinger R, Kuppa S, Beebe M. Development and design of Thor-Lx: the Thor lower extremity. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:141-160. SAE 99SC09.
1999	Dubbeldam R, Nilson G, Pal B, Eriksson N, Owen C, Roberts A, Crandall J, Hall G, Manning P, Wallace A. A MADYMO model of the foot and leg for local impacts. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:185-202. SAE 99SC12.
1999	Bedewi PG, Digges KH. Investigating ankle injury mechanisms in offset frontal collisions utilizing computer modeling and case-study data. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:217-242. SAE 99SC14.
2001	Beillas P, Begeman PC, Yang KH, King AI, Arnoux P-J, Kang H-S, Kayvantash K, Brunet C, Cavallero C, Prasad P. Lower limb: advanced FE model and new experimental data. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:469-494. SAE 2001-22-0022.
2002	Vezin P, Bruyere-Garnier K, Bermond F, Verriest JP. Comparison of Hybrid III, Thor-α and PMHS response in frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:1-26. SAE 2002-22-0001.
2011	Crandall JR, Bose D, Forman J, Untaroiu CD, Arregui‐Dalmases C, Shaw CG, Kerrigan JR. Human surrogates for injury biomechanics research. Clin Anat. 2011;24(3):362-371.
2012	Frimenko RE, Lievers WB, Coughlin MJ, Anderson RB, Crandall JR, Kent RW. Etiology and biomechanics of first metatarsophalangeal joint sprains (turf toe) in athletes. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2012;40(1):43-61.
2002	Funk JR, Crandall JR, Tourret LJ, MacMahon CB, Bass CR, Patrie JT, Khaewpong N, Eppinger RH. The axial injury tolerance of the human foot/ankle complex and the effect of Achilles tension. J Biomech Eng. 2002;124(6):750-757.
2006	Behr M, Arnoux P-J, Serre T, Thollon L, Brunet C. Tonic finite element model of the lower limb. J Biomech Eng. April 2006;128(2):223-228.
2010	Bae TS, Loan P, Choi K, Hong D, Mun MS. Estimation of muscle response using three-dimensional musculoskeletal models before impact situation: a simulation study. J Biomech Eng. December 2010;132(12):121011.
1998	Hall GW. Biomechanical Characterization and Multibody Modeling of the Human Lower Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 1998.
2000	Funk JR. The Effect of Active Muscle Tension on the Axial Impact Tolerance of the Human Foot/ankle Complex [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2000.
2008	Bose D. Numerical Estimation of Occupant State Parameters in a Dynamic Loading Environment [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; August 2008.