Research program to investigate lower extremity injuries

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Crandall, Jeff R.¹; Klisch, Stephen M.¹; Klopp, Gregory S.¹; Sieveka, Edwin¹; Pilkey, Walter D.¹; Martin, Peter¹

Research program to investigate lower extremity injuries

Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition

Affiliations

¹University of Virginia
Abstract

The University of Virginia is investigating the biomechanical response and the injury tolerance of the lower extremities. This paper presents the experimental and simulation work used to study the injury patterns and mechanisms of the ankle/foot complex. The simulation effort has developed a segmented lower limb and foot model for an occupant simulator program to study the interactions of the foot with intruding toepan and pedal components. The experimental procedures include static tests, pendulum impacts, and full-scale sled tests with the Advanced Anthropomorphic Test Device and human cadavers. In these tests, the response of the lower extremities is characterized with analogous dummy and cadaver instrumentation packages that include strain gauges, electrogoniometers, angular rate sensors, accelerometers, and load cells. An external apparatus is applied to the surrogate's lower extremities to simulate the effects of muscle tensing. Sled tests are performed with a toepan device that subjects the lower extremities to rotational, longitudinal, and vertical intrusion pulses typical of offset vehicle crashes. Based upon data from the component and full-scale sled tests, a risk function which correlates observed cadaver injury with dummy responses is developed.
Links

DOI: 10.4271/940711

SAE: 940711

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Cited By (17)

Year	Entry
1995	Crandall JR, Martin PG, Sieveka EM, Klopp GS, Kuhlmann TP, Pilkey WD, Dischinger PC, Burgess AR, O'Quinn TD, Schmidhauser CB. The influence of footwell intrusion on lower extremity response and injury in frontal crashes. In: 39th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 1995; Chicago, IL.269-286.
1999	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Gennarelli TA, Seipel R, Marks R. Biomechanical tolerance of calcaneal fractures. In: 43rd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 20-21, 1999; Barcelon, Spain.345-356.
1998	Jibril A, Prasad P, Prybylski J, Parekh I, Grush ES. Logistic regression analysis of lower limb injuries in frontal crashes. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1473-1485.
1998	Kitagawa Y, Ichikawa H, Pal C, King AI, Levine RS. Lower leg in juries caused by dynamic axial loading and muscle testing. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1597-1607.
2001	Hesse S, Bläßer S, Hoffmann J. Parameter study on different factors influencing lower extremity injuries. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Kress TA, Porta DJ. Characterization of leg injuries from motor vehicle impacts. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
1995	Klopp GS, Crandall JR, Sieveka EM, Pilkey WD. Simulation of muscle tensing in pre-impact bracing. In: Proceedings of the 1995 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 13-15, 1995; Brunnen, Switzerland.171-182.
1997	Klopp GS, Crandall JR, Hall GW, Pilkey WD, Hurwitz SR, Kuppa SM. Mechanisms of injury and injury criteria for the human foot and ankle in dynamic axial impacts to the foot. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.73-86.
1998	Palmertz C, Jakobsson L, Karlsson A-S. Pedal use and foot positioning during emergency braking. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.135-146.
1999	Rudd R, Crandall J, Butcher J. Biofidelity evaluation of dynamic and static response characteristics of the Thor Lx dummy lower extremity. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.485-497.
2007	Buyuk M, Ozkan D, Morgan RM, Digges KH. Using forefoot acceleration to predict forefoot trauma in frontal crashes. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 16-19, 2007; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2007-01-0704.
1996	Crandall JR, Portier L, Petit P, Hall GW, Bass CR, Klopp GS, Hurwitz S, Pilkey WD, Trosseille X, Tarrière C, Lassau J-P. Biomechanical response and physical properties of the leg, foot, and ankle. In: Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-6, 1996; Albuquerque, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:173-192. SAE 962424.
1998	Kitagawa Y, Ichikawa H, King AI, Levine RS. A severe ankle and foot injury in frontal crashes and its mechanism. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1998; Tempa, AZ. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-12. SAE 983145.
1999	Shams T, Beach D, White RP, Rangarajan N, Haffner M, Eppinger R, Kuppa S, Beebe M. Development and design of Thor-Lx: the Thor lower extremity. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:141-160. SAE 99SC09.
1998	Crandall JR, Martin PG, Sieveka EM, Pilkey WD, Dischinger PC, Burgess AR, O'Quinn TD, Schmidhauser CB. Lower limb response and injury in frontal crashes. Accid Anal Prev. 1998;30(5):667-677.
1997	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Kumaresan S, Boynton M. Axial impact biomechanics of the human foot-ankle complex. J Biomech Eng. November 1997;119(4):433-437.
1998	Hall GW. Biomechanical Characterization and Multibody Modeling of the Human Lower Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; May 1998.