2010 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada:​ summary

Papaioannou, Alexandra<sup>1</sup>; Morin, Suzanne<sup>2</sup>; Cheung, Angela M.<sup>3</sup>; Atkinson, Stephanie<sup>4</sup>; Brown, Jacques P.<sup>5</sup>; Feldman, Sidney<sup>6</sup>; Hanley, David A.<sup>7</sup>; Hodsman, Anthony<sup>8</sup>; Jamal, Sophie A.<sup>9</sup>; Kaiser, Stephanie M.<sup>10</sup>; Kvern, Brent<sup>11</sup>; Siminoski, Kerry<sup>12</sup>; Leslie, William D.<sup>13</sup>

Year	Entry
2016	Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Johansson H, Odén A, McCloskey EV; The Advisory Board of the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group. A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX: a report prepared for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Arch Osteoporos. December 2016;11(1):25.
2018	Trajanoska K, Morris JA, Oei L, Zheng H-F, Evans DM, Kiel DP, Ohlsson C, Richards JB, Rivadeneira F; GEFOS/GENOMOS consortium; 23andMe research team. Assessment of the genetic and clinical determinants of fracture risk: genome wide association and mendelian randomisation study. BMJ. August 29, 2018;362:k3225.
2015	Prior JC, Langsetmo L, Lentle BC, Berger C, Goltzman D, Kovacs CS, Kaiser SM, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A, Anastassiades T, Towheed T, Josse RG, Brown JP, Leslie WD, Kreiger N; CaMOS Research Group. Ten-year incident osteoporosis-related fractures in the population-based Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study: comparing site and age-specific risks in women and men. Bone. February 2015;71:237-243.
2021	Champakanath A, Keshawarz A, Pyle L, Snell-Bergeon JK, Shah VN. Fracture risk assessment (FRAX) without BMD and risk of major osteoporotic fractures in adults with type 1 diabetes. Bone. February 2021;143:115614.
2021	Li Y, Tseng W-J, de Bakker CMJ, Zhao H, Chung R, Liu XS. Peak trabecular bone microstructure predicts rate of estrogen-deficiency-induced bone loss in rats. Bone. April 2021;145:115862.
2021	Reid S, Schousboe JT, Kimelman D, Monchka BA, Jafari Jozani M, Leslie WD. Machine learning for automated abdominal aortic calcification scoring of DXA vertebral fracture assessment images: a pilot study. Bone. July 2021;148:115943.
2021	Monchka BA, Kimelman D, Lix LM, Leslie WD. Feasibility of a generalized convolutional neural network for automated identification of vertebral compression fractures: the Manitoba Bone Mineral Density Registry. Bone. September 2021;150:116017.
2022	Monchka BA, Schousboe JT, Davidson MJ, Kimelman D, Hans D, Raina P, Leslie WD. Development of a manufacturer-independent convolutional neural network for the automated identification of vertebral compression fractures in vertebral fracture assessment images using active learning. Bone. August 1, 2022;161:116427.
2021	Qu Z, Jiang J, Yang F, Huang J, Zhao J, Yan S. Genetically predicted sex hormone-binding globulin and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization study. Calcif Tiss Int. March 2021;108(3):281-287.
2011	Howe TE, Shea B, Dawson LJ, Downie F, Murray A, Ross C, Harbour RT, Caldwell LM, Creed G. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. July 6, 2011;7:CD000333.
2019	Burt LA, Billington EO, Rose MS, Raymond DA, Hanley DA, Boyd SK. Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on volumetric bone density and bone strength: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. August 27, 2019;322(8):736-745.
2012	Giangregorio LM, Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. FRAX underestimates fracture risk in patients with diabetes. J Bone Miner Res. February 2012;27(2):301-308.
2014	Kanis JA, Svedbom A, Harvey N, McCloskey EV. The osteoporosis treatment gap. J Bone Miner Res. September 2014;29(9):1926-1928.
2016	McCloskey EV, Odén A, Harvey NC, Leslie WD, Hans D, Johansson H, Barkmann R, Boutroy S, Brown J, Chapurlat R, Elders PJM, Fujita Y, Glüer C-C, Goltzman D, Iki M, Karlsson M, Kindmark A, Kotowicz M, Kurumatani N, Kwok T, Lamy O, Leung J, Lippuner K, Ljunggren Ö, Lorentzon M, Mellström D, Merlijn T, Oei L, Ohlsson C, Pasco JA, Rivadeneira F, Rosengren B, Sornay-Rendu E, Szulc P, Tamaki J, Kanis JA. A meta-analysis of trabecular bone score in fracture risk prediction and its relationship to FRAX. J Bone Miner Res. May 2016;31(5):940-948.
2020	Li G, Leslie WD, Kovacs CS, Prior J, Josse RG, Towheed T, Davison KS, Thabane L, Papaioannou A, Levine MAH, Goltzman D, Zeng J, Qi Y, Tian J, Adachi JD; Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) Research Group. Combining frailty and trabecular bone score did not improve predictive accuracy in risk of major osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. June 2020;35(6):1058-1064.
2020	Compston JE, Drake MT. Defining very high fracture risk: is FRAX fit for purpose? J Bone Miner Res. August 2020;35(8):1399-1403.
2021	Senay A, Fernandes JC, Delisle J, Morin SN, Dragomir A, Nazha S, Perreault S. Patient healthcare trajectory and its impact on the cost‐effectiveness of fracture liaison services. J Bone Miner Res. March 2021;36(3):459-468.
2023	Cowan A, Jeyakumar N, McArthur E, Fleet JL, Kanagalingam T, Karp I, Khan T, Muanda FT, Nash DM, Silver SA, Thain J, Weir MA, Garg AX, Clemens KK. Hypocalcemia risk of denosumab across the spectrum of kidney disease: a population-based cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. May 2023;38(5):650-658.
2023	Kline GA, Morin SN, Lix LM, Leslie WD. A population-based registry study of extended bisphosphonate use: minimal shift after landmark publications about shorter treatment duration. J Bone Miner Res. October 2023;38(10):1435-1442.
2019	Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, Cheung AM, Murad MH, Shoback D. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. May 2019;104(5):1595-1622.
2016	Black DM, Rosen CJ. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. NEJM. January 21, 2016;374(3):254-262.
2011	Kanis JA, Hans D, Cooper C, Baim S, Bilezikian JP, Binkley N, Cauley JA, Compston JE, Dawson-Hughes B, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Johansson H, Leslie WD, Lewiecki EM, Luckey M, Oden A, Papapoulos SE, Poiana C, Rizzoli R, Wahl DA, McCloskey EV. Interpretation and use of FRAX in clinical practice. Osteoporos Int. September 2011;22(9):2395-2411.
2012	Tarride J-E, Hopkins RB, Leslie WD, Morin S, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A, Bessette L, Brown JP, Goeree R. The burden of illness of osteoporosis in Canada. Osteoporos Int. November 2012;23(11):2591-2600.
2013	Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO); Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. January 2013;24(1):23-57.
2014	Kawalilak CE, Johnston JD, Olszynski WP, Kontulainen SA. Characterizing microarchitectural changes at the distal radius and tibia in postmenopausal women using HR-pQCT. Osteoporos Int. August 2014;25(8):2057-2066.
2019	Kanis JA, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y; Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO); Committees of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. January 2019;30(1):3-44.
2020	Merlijn T, Swart KMA, van der Horst HE, Netelenbos JC, Elders PJM. Fracture prevention by screening for high fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. February 2020;31(2):251-257.
2020	Palcu P, Munce S, Jaglal SB, Allin S, Chishtie JA, Silverstein A, Kim S. Understanding patient experiences and challenges to osteoporosis care delivered virtually by telemedicine: a mixed methods study. Osteoporos Int. February 2020;31(2):351-361.
2020	Morin SN, Djekic-Ivankovic M, Funnell L, Giangregorio L, Rodrigues IB, Ridout R, Feldman S, Kim S, McDonald-Blumer H, Kline G, Ward WE, Santesso N, Leslie WD. Patient engagement in clinical guidelines development: input from > 1000 members of the Canadian Osteoporosis Patient Network. Osteoporos Int. May 2020;31(5):867-874.
2020	Leslie WD, Schousboe JT, Morin SN, Martineau P, Lix LM, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Kanis JA. Fracture risk following high-trauma versus low-trauma fracture: a registry-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. June 2020;31(6):1059-1067.
2020	Leslie WD, Schousboe JT, Morin SN, Martineau P, Lix LM, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Kanis JA. Measured height loss predicts incident clinical fractures independently from FRAX: a registry-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. June 2020;31(6):1079-1087.
2020	Hassan S, Seung SJ, Clark RE, Gibbs JC, McArthur C, Mittmann N, Thabane L, Kendler D, Papaioannou A, Wark JD, Ashe MC, Adachi JD, Templeton JA, Giangregorio LM. Describing the resource utilisation and costs associated withvertebral fractures: the build better bones with exercise (B3E) pilot trial. Osteoporos Int. June 2020;31(6):1115-1123.
2020	Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Berger C, Jiang Y, Barron R, McGinley JS, Wirth RJ, Anastassiades TP, Davison KS, Hanley DA, Ioannidis G, Kaiser SM, Kovacs CS, Leslie WD, Morin SN, Prior JC, Towheed T, Goltzman D. Testing a theoretical model of imminent fracture risk in elderly women: an observational cohort analysis of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int. June 2020;31(6):1145-1153.
2020	Leslie WD, Morin SN, Lix LM, Binkley N. Targeted bone density testing for optimizing fracture prevention in Canada. Osteoporos Int. July 2020;31(7):1291-1297.
2020	Linton DN, Porteous J, Eatson H, Chepesiuk R, Long T, Inrig TM, Frankel L, Jain R, Sale JEM. Educational booklet reinforces knowledge of osteoporosis and influences intentions to improve bone health in previously diagnosed and treated patients. Osteoporos Int. September 2020;31(9):1703-1711.
2020	Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Siggeirsdottir K, Lorentzon M, Liu E, Vandenput L, McCloskey EV. Adjusting conventional FRAX estimates of fracture probability according to the recency of sentinel fractures. Osteoporos Int. October 2020;31(10):1817-1828.
2020	Rampersad C, Whitlock RH, Leslie WD, Rigatto C, Komenda P, Bohm C, Hans D, Tangri N. Trabecular bone score in patients with chronic kidney disease. Osteoporos Int. October 2020;31(10):1905-1912.
2020	Kanis JA, Cooper C, Dawson-Hughes B, Harvey NC, Johansson H, Lorentzon M, McCloskey EV, Reginster J-Y, Rizzoli R; International Osteoporosis Foundation. FRAX and ethnicity. Osteoporos Int. November 2020;31(11):2063-2067.
2020	Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Clark P, Kim S, Leslie WD, Morin SN. Core principles for fracture prevention: North American Consensus from the National Osteoporosis Foundation, Osteoporosis Canada, and Academia Nacional de Medicina de Mexico. Osteoporos Int. November 2020;31(11):2073-2076.
2020	Billington EO, Burt LA, Plett R, Rose MS, Boyd SK, Hanley DA. Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on peripheral arterial calcification: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. November 2020;31(11):2141-2150.
2020	Binkley N, Morin SN, Martineau P, Lix LM, Hans D, Leslie WD. Frequency of normal bone measurement in postmenopausal women with fracture: a registry-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. December 2020;31(12):2337-2344.
2021	Kendler DL, Adachi JD, Brown JP, Juby AG, Kovacs CS, Duperrouzel C, McTavish RK, Cameron C, Slatkovska L, Burke N. A scorecard for osteoporosis in Canada and seven Canadian provinces. Osteoporos Int. January 2021;32(1):123-132.
2021	Leslie WD, Edwards B, Al-Azazi S, Yan L, Lix LM, Czaykowski P, Singh H. Cancer patients with fractures are rarely assessed or treated for osteoporosis: a population-based study. Osteoporos Int. February 2021;32(2):333-341.
2021	Hamad AF, Yang S, Yan L, Leslie WD, Morin SN, Walld R, Roos LL, Lix LM. The association of objectively ascertained sibling fracture history with major osteoporotic fractures: a population-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int. April 2021;32(4):681-688.
2017	Billington E. Emerging Issues in Osteoporosis [MD thesis]. Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland; 2017.
2018	Das S. Association of Dietary Calcium Intake and Cardiovascular Markers in Healthy Postmenopausal Women [Master's thesis]. McGill University; August 2018.
2013	Wong AKO. A Tri-Modality Comparison of Volumetric Bone Measure Quantification Using 1.0 Tesla Peripheral Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography and Highresolution-Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Images [PhD thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; October 2013.
2022	Kunath BA. Design and Validation of an Open-Source 3D Printable Bioreactor System for Ex Vivo Bone Culture [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; June 2022.
2013	Nikel O. Role of Osteopontin and Osteocalcin in the Organic-Inorganic Interface of Bone Tissue [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; November 2013.
2013	Irish JM. Peri-Implant Bone Turnover in a Rat Model [Master's thesis]. Rush University; 2013.
2014	Kaipatur NR. Impact of Bisphosphonate Bone Burden on Orthodontic Tooth Movement [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2014.
2018	Tang KC-C. Role of FoxO3a in Osteoblast Differentiation and Matrix Calcification [PhD thesis]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta; 2018.
2013	Owoc JS. Large Scale Elasto-Plastic Modelling for in Vivo Assessment of Bone Strength from High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2013.
2014	Jorgenson BL. Cortical Porosity in Bone [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2014.
2014	Nour MA. Impact of Growth Hormone on Adult Bone Quality in Turner Syndrome: A High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2014.
2020	Michalski AS. A Quantitative Computed Tomography Approach Towards Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; March 2020.
2021	Whittier DEW. The Assessment of Fragility Fracture Risk Using HR-PQCT as a Novel Tool for Diagnosis of Osteoporosis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 2021.
2021	Li Y. Adaptation of Maternal Skeletal Mechano-Responsiveness, Osteocyte Microenvironment, and Bone Marrow Adipocytes in Response to Reproduction and Lactation [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2021.
2018	Hosseinitabatabaei S. High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Based Finite Element Modelling of Distal Radius Strength: Assessing Effect of Heterogeneous Material Properties and Scan Site [Master's thesis]. University of Saskatchewan; October 2018.
2019	Kress BJ. Synthesis of Novel Small Molecule PPARδ Agonists for Controlling Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis [PhD thesis]. Toledo, OH: University of Toledo; August 2019.
2013	Gajic-Veljanoski O. Quantifying Uncertainty in the Efficacy of Vitamin K on Fractures in Postmenopausal Women: Economic Evaluation, Evidence Synthesis and Bayesian Meta-Analysis [PhD thesis]. University of Toronto; 2013.
2020	Dwyer MP. The Effect of Loss of Estrogen on Trabecular Bone Score in Women At Increased Risk of Breast Cancer [Master's thesis]. University of Toronto; 2020.
2010	Hummel K. Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone and Bone Quality in Persons With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2010.
2011	Lala D. Determinants of Fracture Risk Among Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Control Study [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2011.
2016	Ziebart C. The Association Between Fractures, Posture and Physical Performance Measures in Women Over the Age of 65 [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2016.
2021	McLaughlin EC. Cause or Consequence? The Interrelationship Between Physical Activity and Fractures [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2021.
2022	Ponzano M. Risk Assessment and Interventions for Individuals At Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2022.

Year	Entry
2007	Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, Gagel RF, Gilsanz V, Guise T, Koka S, McCauley LK, McGowan J, McKee MD, Mohla S, Pendrys DG, Raisz LG, Ruggiero SL, Shafer DM, Shum L, Silverman SL, Van Poznak CH, Watts N, Woo S-B, Shane E. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. October 2007;22(10):1479-1491.
2002	Cranney A, Guyatt G, Griffith L, Wells G, Tugwell P, Rosen C; The Osteoporosis Methodology Group; The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis, IX: summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. August 2002;23(4):570-578.
2001	Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, Hanley DA, Barton I, Broy SB, Licata A, Benhamou L, Geusens P, Flowers K, Stracke H, Seeman E. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. January 17, 2001;285(6):320-323.
2008	Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Strom O, Borgstrom F, Oden A. Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX^®: assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. Osteoporos Int. October 2008;19(10):1395-1408.
2009	Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, Delmas P, Zoog HB, Austin M, Wang A, Kutilek S, Adami S, Zanchetta J, Libanati C, Siddhanti S, Christiansen C; FREEDOM Trial. Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. NEJM. August 20, 2009;361(8):756-765.
2001	Wiktorowicz ME, Goeree R, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Papadimitropoulos E. Economic implications of hip fracture: health service use, institutional care and cost in Canada. Osteoporos Int. May 2001;12(4):271-278.
2004	Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, Johnell O, de Laet C, Melton LJ III, Tenenhouse A, Reeve J, Silman AJ, Pols HAP, Eisman JA, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. June 2004;19(6):893-899.
2010	Bolland MJ, Grey AB, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Effect of osteoporosis treatment on mortality: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. March 2010;95(3):1174-1181.
2006	Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, Satterfield S, Wallace RB, Bauer DC, Palermo L, Wehren LE, Lombardi A, Santora AC, Cummings SR; FLEX Research Group. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the fracture intervention trial long-term extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. December 27, 2006;296(24):2927-2938.
2004	Kanis J, Johnell O, De Laet C, Johansson H, Oden A, Delmas P, Eisman J, Fujiwara S, Garnero P, Kroger H, McCloskey E, Mellstrom D, Melton L, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A. A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone. August 2004;35(2):375-382.
2007	Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Johansson H, De Laet C, Brown J, Burckhardt P, Cooper C, Christiansen C, Cummings S, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Glüer C, Goltzman D, Hans D, Krieg M-A, La Croix A, McCloskey E, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ, Pols H, Reeve J, Sanders K, Schott A-M, Silman A, Torgerson D, van Staa T, Watts NB, Yoshimura N. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int. August 2007;18(8):1033-1046.
2010	Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, Cosman F, Curtis JR, Dell R, Dempster D, Einhorn TA, Genant HK, Geusens P, Klaushofer K, Koval K, Lane JM, McKiernan F, McKinney R, Ng A, Nieves J, O'Keefe R, Papapoulos S, Sen HT, van der Meulen MCH, Weinstein RS, Whyte M. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. November 2010;25(11):2267-2294.
2010	Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA; Manitoba Bone Density Program. Independent clinical validation of a Canadian FRAX tool: fracture prediction and model calibration. J Bone Miner Res. November 2010;25(11):2350-2358.
2007	Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, Adachi JD, Pieper CF, Mautalen C, Hyldstrup L, Recknor C, Nordsletten L, Moore KA, Lavecchia C, Zhang J, Mesenbrink P, Hodgson PK, Abrams K, Orloff JJ, Horowitz Z, Eriksen EF, Boonen S; HORIZON Recurrent Fracture Trial. Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. NEJM. November 1, 2007;357(18):1799-1809.