The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study: Phase II – Results of the 100-Car Field Experiment

The “100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study” is a three-phased effort designed to accomplish three objectives: Phase I, Conduct Test Planning Activities; Phase II, Conduct a Field Test; and Phase III, Prepare for Large-Scale Field Data Collection Effort. This report documents the efforts of Phase II. Project sponsors are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT).

The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study is the first instrumented-vehicle study undertaken with the primary purpose of collecting large-scale, naturalistic driving data. Drivers were given no special instructions, no experimenter was present, and the data collection instrumentation was unobtrusive. In addition, 78 of 100 vehicles were privately owned. The resulting database contains many extreme cases of driving behavior and performance, including severe drowsiness, impairment, judgment error, risk taking, willingness to engage in secondary tasks, aggressive driving, and traffic violations. The data set includes approximately 2,000,000 vehicle miles, almost 43,000 hours of data, 241 primary and secondary drivers, 12 to 13 months of data collection for each vehicle, and data from a highly capable instrumentation system including 5 channels of video and many vehicle state and kinematic sensors. From the data, an “event” database was created, similar in classification structure to an epidemiological crash database, but with video and electronic driver and vehicle performance data. The events are crashes, near-crashes, and other “incidents.” Data is classified by pre-event maneuver, precipitating factor, event type, contributing factors, associative factors, and the avoidance maneuver. Parameters such as vehicle speed, vehicle headway, time-to-collision, and driver reaction time are also recorded.

The current project specified ten objectives or goals that would be addressed through the initial analysis of the event database. This report addresses the first 9 of these goals, which include analyses of rear-end events, lane change events, the role of inattention, and the relationship between levels of severity. Goal 10 is a separate report and addresses the implications for a larger-scale data collection effort.

Keywords: 100-Car, Naturalistic, Rear-End Collision, Lane Change, Collision Avoidance, Intelligent Vehicle Initiative, Driver Behavior, Human Factors, Inattention, Distraction, Lead-Vehicle Conflict

Year	Entry
1996	Wang J-S, Knipling RR, Goodman MJ. The role of driver inattention in crashes: new statistics from the 1995 crashworthiness data system. In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1996; Vancouver, BC.377-392.

Year

Entry

1996

Wang J-S, Knipling RR, Goodman MJ. The role of driver inattention in crashes: new statistics from the 1995 crashworthiness data system. In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1996; Vancouver, BC.377-392.

Year	Entry
2006	Klauer SG, Dingus TA, Neale VL, Sudweeks JD, Ramsey DJ. The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; April 2006. Report No. DOT HS 810 594.
2010	Johnson M, Charlton J, Oxley J, Newstead S. Naturalistic cycling study: identifying risk factors for on-road commuter cyclists. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.275-283.
2010	McGehee DV, Carsten OMJ. Perception and biodynamics in unalerted precrash response. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.315-332.
2013	Brown T, Johnson R, Milavetz G. Identifying periods of drowsy driving using EEG. In: 57th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-25, 2013; Quebec City, QC.99-108.
2005	Neale VL, Dingus TA, Klauer SG, Sudweeks J, Goodman M. An overview of the 100-car naturalistic study and findings. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2007	Burgett A, Srinivasan G, Ranganathan R. An empirically based process for estimating safety benefits. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Burgett A, Ranganathan R, Srinivasan G. Development of objective tests for evaluating lane-keeping/road departure driver assistance systems. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2009	Carter AA, Burgett A, Srinivasan G, Ranganathan R. Safety impact methodology (SIM): evaluation of pre-production systems. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Benmimoun M, Fahrenkrog F, Zlocki A, Eckstein L. Incident detection based on vehicle CAN-data within the large scale field operational test "euroFOT". In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Yasuda H, Kozato A, Tanaka S, Mochida T, Tajima J. A generative approach to estimate effects of safety systems for rear-end collisions using ASSTREET. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Van Auken RM, Zellner JW, Silberling JY, Sugimoto Y, Urai Y. Progress report on evaluation of a pre-production head-on crash avoidance assist system using an extended "safety impact methodology" (SIM). In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Ljung Aust M, Eugensson A, Ivarsson J, Petersson M. Thinking about distraction: a conceptual framework for assessing driver-vehicle on-road performance in relation to secondary task activity. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Funke J, Srinivasan G, Ranganathan R, Burgett A. Safety impact methodology (SIM): application and results of the advanced crash avoidance technologies (ACAT) program. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2015	Scanlon JM, Kusano KD, Sherony R, Gabler HC. Potential safety benefits of lane departure warning and prevention systems in the U.S. vehicle fleet. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2015	Kusano KD, Chen R, Tsoi A, Gabler HC. Comparison of event data recorder and naturalistic driving data for the study of lane departure events. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2015	Ljung Aust M, Rydström A, Broström R, Victor T. Reliability improvement needed in the eye glance measurement using driving simulator test. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2015	Chen R, Kusano KD, Gabler HC. Driver behavior during lane change from the 100-car naturalistic driving study. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2017	Kreuzmair C, Gold C, Meyer M-L. The influence of driver fatigue on take-over performance in highly automated vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2017	Erbsmehl CT, Landgraf T, Yuasa H. Animal street crossing behavior: an in-depth field study for the identification of animal street crossing behaviour using the aimats-methodology. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2017	Svenson AL, Grove K, Atwood J, Blanco M. Using naturalistic data to evaluate heavy vehicle crash avoidance systems performance. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2017	Blanco M, Russell S, Fitchett V, Atwood J, Trimble T, Rau P. Mixed-function automation in naturalistic settings. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2018	Riexinger LE, Gabler HC. A preliminary characterisation of driver manoeuvres in road departure crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.484-492.
2019	Riexinger LE, Sherony R, Gabler HC. A preliminary characterisation of driver evasive manoeuvres in cross-centreline vehicle-to-vehicle collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2019; Florence, Italy.58-69.
2020	Zhao M, Beurier G, Wang H, Wang X. Extraction of pressure features for predicting driver posture. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. 2020; Munich, Germany.398-407.
2011	Stinchcombe A, Gagnon S, Zhang JJ, Montembeault P, Bedard M. Fluctuating attentional demand in a simulated driving assessment: the roles of age and driving complexity. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(6):576-587.
2019	Holt CM. Understanding the Effects of Age and Safety Countermeasures on Occupant Kinematics in Low-Acceleration, Time-Extended Events [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; March 2019.
2016	Chen R. Driver Behavior in Car Following: The Implications for Forward Collision Avoidance [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; June 1, 2016.
2017	Scanlon JM III. Evaluating the Potential of an Intersection Driver Assistance System to Prevent U.S. Intersection Crashes [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; March 24, 2017.
2018	Holmes DA. The Effect of Lane Departure Warning Systems on Cross-Centerline Crashes [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; April 16, 2018.
2021	Riexinger LE. Residual Crashes and Injured Occupants With Lane Departure Prevention Systems [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; March 22, 2021.

Year

Entry

2006

Klauer SG, Dingus TA, Neale VL, Sudweeks JD, Ramsey DJ. The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; April 2006. Report No. DOT HS 810 594.

2010

Johnson M, Charlton J, Oxley J, Newstead S. Naturalistic cycling study: identifying risk factors for on-road commuter cyclists. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.275-283.

2010

McGehee DV, Carsten OMJ. Perception and biodynamics in unalerted precrash response. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.315-332.

2013

Brown T, Johnson R, Milavetz G. Identifying periods of drowsy driving using EEG. In: 57th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-25, 2013; Quebec City, QC.99-108.

2005

Neale VL, Dingus TA, Klauer SG, Sudweeks J, Goodman M. An overview of the 100-car naturalistic study and findings. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.