The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-Crash/crash Risk: An Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data

The purpose of this report was to conduct in-depth analyses of driver inattention using the driving data collected in the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study. An additional database of baseline epochs was reduced from the raw data and used in conjunction with the crash and near-crash data identified as part of the original 100-Car Study to account for exposure and establish near-crash/crash risk. The analyses presented in this report are able to establish direct relationships between driving behavior and crash and near-crash involvement. Risk was calculated (odds ratios) using both crash and near-crash data as well as normal baseline driving data for various sources of inattention. The corresponding population attributable risk percentages were also calculated to estimate the percentage of crashes and near-crashes occurring in the population resulting from inattention. Additional analyses involved: driver willingness to engage in distracting tasks or driving while drowsy; analyses with survey and test battery responses; and the impact of driver’s eyes being off of the forward roadway.

The results indicated that driving while drowsy results in a four- to six-times higher near-crash/crash risk relative to alert drivers. Drivers engaging in visually and/or manually complex tasks have a three-times higher near-crash/crash risk than drivers who are attentive. There are specific environmental conditions in which engaging in secondary tasks or driving while drowsy is more dangerous, including intersections, wet roadways, and areas of high traffic density. Short, brief glances away from the forward roadway for the purpose of scanning the driving environment are safe and actually decrease near-crash/crash risk. Even in the cases of secondary task engagement, if the task is simple and requires a single short glance the risk is elevated only slightly, if at all. However, glances totaling more than 2 seconds for any purpose increase near-crash/crash risk by at least two times that of normal, baseline driving.

Year	Entry
2006	Dingus TA, Klauer SG, Neale VL, Petersen A, Lee SE, Sudweeks J, Perez MA, Hankey J, Ramsey D, Gupta S, Bucher C, Doerzaph ZR, Jermeland J, Knipling RR. The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study: Phase II – Results of the 100-Car Field Experiment. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; April 2006. Report No. DOT HS 810 593.
1996	Wang J-S, Knipling RR, Goodman MJ. The role of driver inattention in crashes: new statistics from the 1995 crashworthiness data system. In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1996; Vancouver, BC.377-392.

Year

Entry

2006

Dingus TA, Klauer SG, Neale VL, Petersen A, Lee SE, Sudweeks J, Perez MA, Hankey J, Ramsey D, Gupta S, Bucher C, Doerzaph ZR, Jermeland J, Knipling RR. The 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study: Phase II – Results of the 100-Car Field Experiment. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; April 2006. Report No. DOT HS 810 593.

1996

Wang J-S, Knipling RR, Goodman MJ. The role of driver inattention in crashes: new statistics from the 1995 crashworthiness data system. In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1996; Vancouver, BC.377-392.

Year	Entry
2010	Kircher K, Ahlstrom C. Predicting visual distraction using driving performance data. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.333-342.
2007	Rognin L, Alidra S, Val C, Lescaut A, Chalandon X. Driver strategies when interacting with information and comfort systems. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Ljung M, Blommer M, Curry R, Artz B, Greenberg J, Kochhar D, Tijerina L, Fagerstrom M, Jakobsson L. The influence of study design on results in HMI testing for active safety. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2013	Brown T, Lee J, Schwarz C, Fiorentino D, McDonald A, Traube E, Nadler E. Detection of driver impairment from drowsiness. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2013	Lee J, Moeckli J, Brown T, Roberts S, Victor T, Marshall D, Schwarz C, Nadler E. Detection of driver distraction using vision-based algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.
2015	Ljung Aust M, Rydström A, Broström R, Victor T. Reliability improvement needed in the eye glance measurement using driving simulator test. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2015	Rau P, Blanco M, Atwood J, Vasquez H, Trimble T, Fitchett V, Radlbeck J, Fitch G, Russell S. Human factors evaluation of Level 2 and Level 3 automated driving concepts. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2015	Schwarz C, Brown TL, Gaspar J, Marshall D, Lee J, Kitazaki S, Kang J. Mitigating drowsiness: linking detection to mitigation. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2017	Kreuzmair C, Gold C, Meyer M-L. The influence of driver fatigue on take-over performance in highly automated vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2017	Blanco M, Russell S, Fitchett V, Atwood J, Trimble T, Rau P. Mixed-function automation in naturalistic settings. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2019	Saigusa S. Distracted driving detection using on-board sensors. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2019	Kurpiers C, Lechner D, Raisch F. The influence of a gaze direction based attention request to maintain mode awareness. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2013	Morris A, Reed S, Welsh R, Brown L, Birrell S. Studying the effects of in‐vehicle information systems on driver visual behaviour: implications for design. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.641-651.
2011	Cook JL, Jones RM. Texting and accessing the web while driving: traffic citations and crashes among young adult drivers. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(6):545-549.
2011	Liu Y-C, Ou Y-K. Effects of age and the use of hands-free cellular phones on driving behavior and task performance. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(6):550-558.

Year

Entry

2010

Kircher K, Ahlstrom C. Predicting visual distraction using driving performance data. In: 54th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 17-20, 2010; Las Vegas, NV.333-342.

2007

Rognin L, Alidra S, Val C, Lescaut A, Chalandon X. Driver strategies when interacting with information and comfort systems. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.

2007

Ljung M, Blommer M, Curry R, Artz B, Greenberg J, Kochhar D, Tijerina L, Fagerstrom M, Jakobsson L. The influence of study design on results in HMI testing for active safety. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.

2013

Brown T, Lee J, Schwarz C, Fiorentino D, McDonald A, Traube E, Nadler E. Detection of driver impairment from drowsiness. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.

2013

Lee J, Moeckli J, Brown T, Roberts S, Victor T, Marshall D, Schwarz C, Nadler E. Detection of driver distraction using vision-based algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 27-30, 2013; Seoul, South Korea.