A numerical study on the influence of the upper body and neck on head kinematics in tangential bicycle helmet impact

wbldb

Feist, Florian¹; Klug, Corina¹

A numerical study on the influence of the upper body and neck on head kinematics in tangential bicycle helmet impact

Proceedings of the 2016 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury

Affiliations

¹Vehicle Safety Institute at Graz University of Technology, Austria
Abstract and keywords

The CEN/TC158/WG11 is developing a new helmet test that takes into account tangential loading. In order to derive a realistic injury risk induced by tangential loading, realistic boundary conditions are essential. However, the influence of the upper body and neck on rotational loading remains unclear.

The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of the upper body and neck in tangential head impact using three state‐of‐the‐art human body models (GHBM, THUMS, CHARM), covering three anthropometric sizes (10‐year‐old, 5th and 50th percentile) and two postures (standing, crouching).

A thoroughly validated bicycle helmet model was fitted to the human body models (HBMs). The HBMs were propelled at 6.5 m/s against a flat horizontal anvil. The influence of upper body posture, upper body’s compliance and body size was analysed. Simulations were comprehensively evaluated taking into account multiple head injury criteria, contact forces and energy balances.

The data suggest that the contact forces, deformation energy and rotational peak acceleration in isolated head tests are underestimated, while translational accelerations are overestimated. Head velocity change and brain injury criteria (BrIC) are consistent, though. Other head injury criteria in equivalent configurations are different in head‐only and full‐body impacts.

Keywords: Brain, Finite Element Methode (FEM), Helmet, Testing, Human Body Models (HBM)
Links

URL: http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc16/pdf-files/28.pdf

Cited Works (22)

Year	Entry
2014	Walsh ES, Kendall M, Hoshizaki TB, Gilchrist MD. Dynamic impact response and predicted brain tissue deformation comparisons for an impacted Hybrid III headform with and without a neckform and torso masses. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.55-61.
2004	Funk JR, Kerrigan JR, Crandall JR. Dynamic bending tolerance and elastic-plastic material properties of the human femur. In: 48th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 13-15, 2004; Key Biscayne, FL.215-233.
2005	Kleiven S. Influence of direction and duration of impacts to the human head evaluated using the finite element method. In: Proceedings of the 2005 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 2005; Prague, Czech Republic.41-57.
2002	Kleiven S, Hardy WN. Correlation of an FE model of the human head with local brain motion: consequences for injury prediction. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:123-144. SAE 2002-22-0007.
2012	DeWit JA, Cronin DS. Cervical spine segment finite element model for traumatic injury prediction. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. June 2012;10:138-150.
1992	Trosseille X, Tarriére C, Lavaste F, Guillon F, Domont A. Development of a F.E.M. of the human head according to a specific test protocol. In: Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 2-4, 1992; Seattle, WA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:235-253. SAE 922527.
2015	Klug C, Feist F, Tomasch E. Testing of bicycle helmets for preadolescents. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.136-155.
2011	Takhounts EG, Hasija V, Ridella SA, Rowson S, Duma SM. Kinematic rotational brain injury criterion (BRIC). In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2015	Iwamoto M, Nakahira Y. Development and validation of the Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) version 5 containing multiple 1D muscles for estimating occupant motions with muscle activation during side impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2015;59:53-90.
1970	Hodgson VR, Brinn J, Thomas LM, Greenberg SW. Fracture behavior of the skull frontal bone against cylindrical surfaces. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-18, 1970; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:341-355. SAE 700909.
2012	Cronin DS, Fice JB, DeWit JA, Moulton J. Upper cervical spine kinematic response and injury prediction. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.225-234.
2015	Iwamoto M, Nakahira Y, Kimpara H. Development and validation of the Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) toward further understanding of occupant injury mechanisms in precrash and during crash. Traffic Inj Prev. June 1, 2015;16(suppl 1):S36-S48.
2001	Hardy WN, Foster CD, Mason MJ, Yang KH, King AI, Tashman S. Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar x-ray. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:337-368. SAE 2001-22-0016.
2007	Hardy WN, Mason MJ, Foster CD, Shah CS, Kopacz JM, Yang KH, King AI, Bishop J, Bey M, Anderst W, Tashman S. A study of the response of the human cadaver head to impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2007;51:17-80. SAE 2007-22-0002.
2015	Shen M, Zhu F, Jiang B, Sanghavi V, Fan H, Cai Y, Wang Z, Kalra A, Jin X, Chou CC, Yang KH. Development and a limited validation of a whole‐body finite element pedestrian and occupant models of a 10‐year‐old child. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.672-688.
1995	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A Jr, Walsh PR, Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Snyder RG. Biomechanics of skull fracture. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):659-668.
2007	Mordaka J, Kleiven S, van Schijndel-de Nooij M, de Lange R, Guerra Casanova LJ, Carter EL, von Holst H. The importance of rotational kinematics in pedestrian head to windshield impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.83-94.
1977	Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-366. SAE 770922.
1976	Nahum AM, Smith RW. An experimental model for closed head impact injury. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 18-20, 1976; Dearborn, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:785-814. SAE 760825.
1999	Bain AC, Meaney DF. Thresholds for mechanical injury to the in vivo white matter. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 25-27, 1999; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:295-302. SAE 99SC19.
1997	Nightingale RW, McElhaney JH, Camacho DL, Kleinberger M, Winkelstein BA, Myers BS. The dynamic responses of the cervical spine: buckling, end conditions, and tolerance in compressive impacts. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:451-471. SAE 973344.
2013	Mao H, Zhang L, Jiang B, Genthikatti VV, Jin X, Zhu F, Makwana R, Gill A, Jandir G, Singh A, Yang KH. Development of a finite element human head model partially validated with thirty five experimental cases. J Biomech Eng. November 2013;135(11):111002.

Cited By (7)

Year	Entry
2017	Deck C, Bourdet N, Halldin P, DeBruyne G, Willinger R. Protection capability of bicycle helmets under oblique impact assessed with two separate brain FE models. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.190-200.
2018	Fahlstedt M, Kleiven S, Li X. The influence of the body on head kinematics in playground falls for different age groups. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.336-337.
2018	Meng S, Fahlstedt M, Halldin P. The effect of impact velocity angle on helmeted head impact severity: a rationale for motorcycle helmet impact test design. In: Proceedings of the 2018 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2018; Athens, Greece.454-469.
2021	Smit S, Trauner-Karner J, Nader M, Kofler D, Erlinger N, Feist F, Klug C. Investigation of injury mechanisms in sledging accidents involving children and adults. In: Proceedings of the 2021 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 8-10, 2021; Online.626-649.
2024	Bourdet N, Deck C, Meyer F, Willinger R. Comparative evaluation of motorcycle helmets complying to R22-06 with helmets complying to R22-05 based on Certimoov methodology. In: Proceedings of the 2024 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2024; Stockholm, Sweden.449-459.
2019	Meng S. Towards Improved Motorcycle Helmet Test Methods for Head Impact Protection: Using Experimental and Numerical Methods [PhD thesis]. Huddinge, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology; 2019.
2023	Gildea K. A Biomechanical Analysis of Cyclist Collisions in Ireland [PhD thesis]. Trinity College Dublin; March 2023.