Assessing submarining and abdominal injury risk in the Hybrid III family of dummies

wbldb

Rouhana, Stephen W.¹; Viano, David C.¹; Jedrzejczak, Edward A.¹; McCleary, Joseph D.¹

Assessing submarining and abdominal injury risk in the Hybrid III family of dummies

Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference

Affiliations

¹Biomedical Science Dept., General Motors Research labs.
Abstract

This paper details the development of an abdominal injury assessment device for loading due to belt restraint submarining in the Hybrid III family of dummies. The design concept and criteria, response criteria, choice of injury criterion, and validation are explained. Conclusions of this work are: 1)

Abdominal injury assessment for belt loading due to submarining is now possible in the Hybrid III family of dummies. 2)

The abdomen developed has biofidelity in its force deflection characteristics for belt loading, is capable of detecting the occurrence of submarining, and can be used to determine the probability of abdominal injury when submarining occurs.3)

Installation of the abdomen in the Hybrid III dummy does not change the dummy kinematics when submarining does not occur.4)

When submarining does occur, the dummy kinematics are very similar to baseline Hybrid III kinematics, except for torso angle. The change in torso angle is or may be a result of a more human-like compliance in the abdomen.
Links

DOI: 10.4271/892440

SAE: 892440

Cited By (41)

Year	Entry
2015	Hardy WN, Howes MK, Kemper AR, Rouhana SW. Impact and injury response of the abdomen. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:373-434.
2002	Rouhana SW. Biomechanics of abdominal trauma. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2002:405-453.
1992	Schneider LW, Ricci LL, Salloum MJ, Beebe MS, King AI, Rouhana SW, Neathery RF. Design and Development of an Advanced ATD Thorax System for Frontal Crash Environments: Volume 1: Primary Concept Development. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Traffic Research Institute (UMTRI); June 1992. UMTRI Publication UMTRI-92-22-1.
1997	van Ratingen MR, Twisk D, Schrooten M, Beusenberg MC, Barnes A, Platten G. Biomechanically based design and performance targets for a 3-year old child crash dummy for frontal and side impact. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Child Occupant Protection Symposium. November 12, 1997; Orlando, FL.243-260. SAE 973316.
1991	Mackay GM, Parkin S, Hill J, Munns JAR. Restrained occupants on the non-struck side in lateral collisions. In: 35th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7, 1991; Toronto, Canada.119-132.
1998	van Ratingen MR, Wismans J. Modelling pediatric kinematics. In: 42nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 5-7, 1998; Charlottesville, VA.137-151.
1996	Rangarajan N, Shams T, White RP Jr, Zhao Y-M, Beach D, Haffner M, Eppinger RE, Digges KH. Design and evaluation of an instrumented abdomen for the NHTSA advanced dummy. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1622-1631.
1996	Ono K, Hayano K, Ito M, Matsuoka F. Evaluation of TAD-50M dummy prototype performance in HYGE sled tests. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1632-1643.
1996	Zellner JW, Wiley KD, Broen NL, Newman JA. A standardized motorcyclist impact dummy for protective device research. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1756-1781.
1998	Elhagediab AM, Rouhana SW. Patterns of abdominal injury in frontal automotive crashes. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.327-337.
2003	van Don B, van Ratingen M, Bermond F, Masson C, Vezin P, Hynd D, Owen C, Martinez L, Knack S, Schaefer R. Biofidelity impact response requirements for an advanced mid-sized male crash test dummy. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2005	Arbogast KB, Mong DA, Marigowda S, Kent RW, Stacey S, Mattice J, Tanji H, Higuchi K, Rouhana SW. Evaluating pediatric abdominal injuries. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2005	de Jager K, van Ratingen M, Lesire P, Guillemot H, Pastor C, Schnottale B, Tejera G, Lepretre J-P. Assessing new child dummies and criteria for child occupant protection in frontal impact. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
1991	Mackay GM, Hill J, Parkin S, Munns JAR. Restrained occupants on the non-struck side in lateral collisions. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.712-720.
2007	Shams T, Rangarajan N, Rowe J, Conner H. Development of abdomen compression measurement sensors. In: Proceedings of the 35th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2007.179-194.
1991	Kramer F. Abdominal and pelvic injuries of vehicle occupants wearing safety belts incurred in frontal collisions: mechanism and protection. In: Proceedings of the 1991 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1991; Berlin, Germany.297-308.
2003	Martínez L, Ferichola G, Guerra LJ, Van Ratingen M, Hynd D. Biofidelity and repeatability evaluation of the thor dummy thorax, abdomen and femur, through a set of tests. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.311-325.
2017	Visvikis C, Carroll J, Klimitsch C. Sensitivity of the Q‐series abdominal pressure twin sensors to loading type and position in dynamic restraint system loading tests. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.234-243.
2009	Lamp JF, Kent RW. A biomechanical assessment of the structural response to dynamic belt loading of the Hybrid III 6yo abdominal insert. In: Proceedings of the 5th Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. May 17-19, 2009; Columbus, OH.
1990	Begeman PC, Kopacz JM, King AI. Steering assembly impacts using cadavers and dummies. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:123-144. SAE 902316.
1991	Horsch JD, Viano DC, DeCou J. History of safety research and development on the General Motors energy-absorbing steering system. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 18-20, 1991; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-46. SAE 912890.
1994	Ishiyama S-i, Tsukada K, Nishigaki H, Ikeda Y, Sakuma S, Matsuoka F, Kanno Y, Hayashi S. Development of an abdominal deformation measuring system for Hybrid III dummy. In: Proceedings of the 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 31–November 2, 1994; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:265-279. SAE 942223.
2001	Hardy WN, Schneider LW, Rouhana SW. Abdominal impact response to rigid-bar, seatbelt, and airbag loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:1-32. SAE 2001-22-0001.
2001	Rouhana SW, Elhagediab AM, Walbridge A, Hardy WN, Schneider LW. Development of a reusable, rate-sensitive abdomen for the Hybrid III family of dummies. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:33-60. SAE 2001-22-0002.
2002	Trosseille X, Le-Coz J-Y, Potier P, Lassau J-P. Abdominal response to high-speed seatbelt loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2002;46:71-79. SAE 2002-22-0004.
2003	Rouhana SW, Bedewi PG, Kankanala SV, Prasad P, Zwolinski JJ, Meduvsky AG, Rupp JD, Jeffreys TA, Schneider LW. Biomechanics of 4-point seat belt systems in frontal impacts. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:367-399. SAE 2003-22-0017.
2003	van Don B, van Ratingen M, Bermond F, Masson C, Vezin P, Hynd D, Kallieris D, Martinez L. Evaluation of the performance of the THOR-Alpha dummy. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:525-550. SAE 2003-22-0023.
2006	Uriot J, Baudrit P, Potier P, Trosseille X, Petit P, Guillemot H, Guérin L, Vallancien G. Investigations on the belt-to-pelvis interaction in case of submarining. Stapp Car Crash J. 2006;50:53-73. SAE 2006-22-0003.
2008	Lamielle S, Vezin P, Verriest J-P, Petit P, Trosseille X, Vallancien G. 3D deformation and dynamics of the human cadaver abdomen under seatbelt loading. Stapp Car Crash J. 2008;52:267-294. SAE 2008-22-0011.
2010	Klinich KD, Flannagan CAC, Nicholson K, Schneider LW, Rupp JD. Factors associated with abdominal injury in frontal, farside, and nearside crashes. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:73-91. SAE 2010-22-0005.
2010	Rouhana SW, El-Jawahri RE, Laituri TR. Biomechanical considerations for abdominal loading by seat belt pretensioners. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:381-406. SAE 2010-22-0016.
2012	Beillas P, Alonzo F, Chevalier M-C, Lesire P, Leopold F, Trosseille X, Johannsen H. Abdominal twin pressure sensors for the assessment of abdominal injuries in Q dummies: in-dummy evaluation and performance in accident reconstructions. Stapp Car Crash J. October 2012;56:387-410.
1993	Mackay GM, Hill J, Parkin S, Munns JAR. Restrained occupants on the nonstruck side in lateral collisions. Accid Anal Prev. April 1993;25(2):147-152.
2001	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Maltese MR. Biomechanics of abdominal injuries. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;29(2):173-246.
2011	Beck B, Brown J, Bilston LE. Variations in rear seat cushion properties and the effects on submarining. Traffic Inj Prev. February 2011;12(1):54-61.
1994	Nilson G. Effects of Seat and Seat-Belt Design on Car Occupant Response in Frontal and Rear Impacts: A Study Combining Mechanical and Mathematical Modelling [PhD thesis]. Götenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 1994.
1996	Saul RA. Development of a Methodology for Prediction of Liver Injury Due to Side Impact Loading in Motor Vehicle Accidents [PhD thesis]. The Ohio State University; 1996.
2012	Beck B. Optimising Protection for Motor Vehicle Rear Seat Occupants [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; 2012.
2013	Howes MK. Injury Mechanisms, Tissue Properties, and Response of the Post-Mortem Human Abdomen in Frontal Impact [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 2013.
2017	Dunford KM. Effect of Postmortem Time and Preservation Fluid on the Tensile Material Properties of Bovine Liver Parenchyma [Master's thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; October 5, 2017.
2002	Lee JB. Development of a Finite Element Model of the Human Abdomen [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; 2002.