Rear end collisions and seat performance:​ to yield or not to yield

Parkin, S.<sup>1</sup>; Mackay, G. M.<sup>1</sup>; Hassan, A. M.<sup>1</sup>; Graham, R.<sup>1</sup>

Year	Entry
2010	Schmitt K-U, Niederer PF, Muser MH, Walz F. Trauma Biomechanics: Accidental Injury in Traffic and Sports. 2nd ed. Deidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2010.
2001	Linder A, Olsson T, Truedsson N, Morris A, Fildes B, Sparke L. Dynamic performances of different seat designs for low to medium velocity rear impact. In: 45th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 24-26, 2001; San Antonio, TX.
1996	Morris AP, Thomas P. A study of soft tissue neck injuries in the UK. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1412-1425.
1996	Krafft M, Thomas A, Nygren A, Lie A, Tingvall C. Whiplash associated disorder: factors influencing the incidence in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1426-1432.
1998	Bigi D, Heilig A, Steffan H, Eichberger A. A comparison study of active head restraints for neck protection in rear-end collisions. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1103-1110.
1998	Minton R, Murray PA, Pitcher M, Galasko CSB. Lower back and neck strain injuries: the relative roles of seat adjustment vehicle and seat design. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1377-1390.
1998	Boström O, Håland Y, Fredriksson R, Svensson MY, Mellander H. A sled test procedure proposal to evaluate the risk of neck injury in low speed rear impacts using a new neck injury criterion (NIC). In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1579-1585.
2001	Schmitt K-U, Muser MH, Niederer P. A new neck injury criterion candidate for rear-end collisions taking into account shear forces and bending moments. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2001	Linder A, Avery M, Krafft M, Kullgren A, Svensson MY. Acceleration pulses and crash severity in low velocity rear impacts: real world data and barrier tests. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2003	Linder A, Avery M, Krafft M, Kullgren A. Change of velocity and pulse characteristics in rear impacts: real world and vehicle tests data. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.
2002	Siegmund GP, Heinrichs BE, Chimich DD, DeMarco AL, Brault JR. The effect of collision pulse properties on six proposed whiplash injury criteria. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. November 2002; Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.47-60.
1996	Boström O, Svensson MY, Aldman B, Hansson HA, Håland Y, Lövsund P, Seeman T, Suneson A, Säljö A, Örtengren T. A new neck injury criterion candidate based on injury findings in the cervical spinal ganglia after experimental neck extension trauma. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.123-136.
1996	Cullen E, Stabler KM, Mackay GM, Parkin S. Head restraint positioning and occupant safety in rear impacts: the case for smart restraints. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.137-152.
1997	Boström O, Krafft M, Aldman B, Eichberger A, Fredriksson R, Håland Y, Lövsund P, Steffan H, Svensson M, Tingvall C. Prediction of neck injuries in rear impacts based on accident data and simulations. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.251-264.
1997	Minton R, Murray P, Pitcher M, Galasko CSB. Causative factors in whiplash injury: implications for current seat and head restraint design. In: Proceedings of the 1997 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 24-26, 1997; Hannover, Germany.207-222.
1998	Eichberger A, Steffan H, Geigl B, Svensson M, Boström O, Leinzinger PE, Darok M. Evaluation of the applicability of the neck injury criterion (NIC) in rear end impacts on the basis of human subject tests. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.321-333.
1998	Krafft M. A comparison of short- and long-term consequences of AIS 1 neck injuries, in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.235-248.
1998	Ono K, Kaneoka K, Inami S. Influence of seat properties on human cervical vertebral motion and head/neck/torso kinematics during rear-end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.303-318.
1999	Eichberger A, Körner W, Steffan H. The neck injury criterion (NIC) in dummy tests: a mathematical simulation study. In: Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 23-24, 1999; Sitges, Spain.535-537.
2000	Muser MH, Walz FH, Zellmer H. Biomechanical significance of the rebound phase in low speed rear end impacts. In: Proceedings of the 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2000; Montpellier, France.411-424.
2003	Eriksson L, Kullgren A. Influence of seat geometry and seating posture on NIC_max and N_km AIS 1 neck injury predictability. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.217-231.
2004	Krafft M, Kullgren A, Ydenius A, Boström O, Håland Y, Tingvall C. Rear impact neck protection by reducing occupant forward acceleration: a study of cars on Swedish roads equipped with crash recorders and a new anti-whiplash device. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.221-231.
2004	Linder A, Avery M, Kullgren A, Krafft M. Real-world rear impacts reconstructed in sled tests. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 22-24, 2004; Graz, Austria.233-244.
2010	Kullgren A, Krafft M. Gender analysis on whiplash seat effectiveness: results rrom real-world crashes. In: Proceedings of the 2010 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 15-17, 2010; Hannover, Germany.17-28.
1998	Wiklund K, Larsson H. Saab active head restraint (SAHR): seat design to reduce the risk of neck injuries in rear impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 23-26, 1998; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 980297.
2000	Stephens GD, Long TJ, Blaisdell DM. Energy analysis of automotive seat systems. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress. March 6-9, 2000; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2000-01-1380.
2004	Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Inglis JT. Gradation of neck muscle responses and head/neck kinematics to acceleration and speed change in rear-end collisions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2004;48:419-430. SAE 2004-22-0018.
2000	Eichberger A, Darok M, Steffan H, Leinzinger PE, Boström O, Svensson MY. Pressure measurements in the spinal canal of post-mortem human subjects during rear-end impact and correlation of results to the neck injury criterion. Accid Anal Prev. March 2000;32(2):251-260.
2000	Boström O, Fredriksson R, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Krafft M, Lövsund P, Muser MH, Svensson MY. Comparison of car seats in low speed rear-end impacts using the BioRID dummy and the new neck injury criterion (NIC). Accid Anal Prev. March 2000;32(2):321-328.
2001	Welcher JB, Szabo TJ. Relationships between seat properties and human subject kinematics in rear impact tests. Accid Anal Prev. May 2001;33(3):289-304.
2002	Krafft M. When do AIS 1 neck injuries result in long-term consequences? vehicle and human factors. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):89-97.
2002	Schmitt K-U, Muser MH, Walz FH, Niederer PF. N_km: a proposal for a neck protection criterion for low-speed rear-end impacts. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):117-126.
2002	Linder A, Svensson M, Viano D. Evaluation of the BioRID P3 and the Hybrid III in pendulum impacts to the back: a comparison with human subject test data. Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):159-166.
2002	Linder A, Svensson MY, Davidsson J, Flogård A, Lövsund P, Håland Y, Jakobsson L, Wiklund K. Design and validation of the neck for a rear impact dummy (biorid i). Traffic Inj Prev. 2002;3(2):167-174.
2012	Carlsson A. Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection: A Step Towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models [PhD thesis]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology; 2012.
2008	Himmetoglu S. Car Seat Design and Human-Body Modelling for Rear Impact Whiplash Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Loughborough, UK: Loughborough University; 2008.
2009	Walsh JC. The Influence of Scoliosis and Wheechair Customisations in Rear Impact [PhD thesis]. Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College Dublin; 2009.
2006	Gibson T. Development and Validation of a C5/C6 Motion Segment Model [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; January 4, 2006.

Year	Entry
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1993	Svensson MY, Lövsund P, Håland Y, Larsson S. The influence of seat-back and head-restraint properties on the head-neck motion during rear-impact. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.395-405.
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