Intelligent restraint systems: what characteristics should they have?

wbldb

Mackay, Murray¹; Parkin, Stephen¹; Scott, Andrew¹

Intelligent restraint systems: what characteristics should they have?

Advances in Occupant Restraint Technologies: Joint AAAM-IRCOBI Special Session

Affiliations

¹Birmingham Accident Research Centre (BARC), University of Birmingham, England
Abstract

Current restraint systems represent one of the most effective engineering developments which have prevented and mitigated car occupant injuries worldwide. However, they are fixed systems, optimized in design terms around a single crash condition with a single occupant in one sitting position. Population issues are addressed only partially through use of the 5th percentile female and 95th percentile male dummies again in a single crash condition. Real world crash injury studies of current seat belts indicate five limitations to occupant protection: head contacts with steering wheels for drivers, intrusion, rear loading by unrestrained objects, mispositioning of the seat belt and injuries from the belt itself. A restraint system of fixed characteristics cannot address the variations in weight, sitting position, biomechanical tolerance and crash severity which occur in the crash populations. Intelligent restraint systems have the potential to address these varying demands so that protection could be optimized for a specific person, in a specific sitting position in a specific crash. The techniques for achieving these aims are variable pretensioners, discretionary web locks and load limiters, position sensing, and airbags with variable inflation rates and volumes.

Cited Works (12)

Year	Entry
1985	Mackay GM, Ashton SJ, Galer MD, Thomas PD. The methodology of in-depth studies of car crashes in Britain. In: Proceedings of the SAE International Congress & Exposition. February 27–March 2, 1985; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:365-390. SAE 850556.
1991	Håland Y, Pipkorn B. The protective effect of airbags and padding in side impacts: evaluation by a new subsystem test method. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.523-533.
1982	Gallup BM, St-Laurent AM, Newman JA. Abdominal injuries to restrained front seat occupants in frontal collisions. In: 26th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 4-6, 1982; Ottawa, ON.131-145.
1978	Bull JB, Mackay GM. Some characteristics of collisions, the population of car occupant casualties and their relevance to performance testing. In: Proceedings of the 1978 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-13, 1978; Lyon, France.13-40.
1994	Hassan AM, Morris AP, Mackay M, Haland Y. The best location for a side airbag crush sensor. In: Advances in Occupant Restraint Technologies: Joint AAAM-IRCOBI Special Session. September 22, 1994; Lyon, France.127-141.
1993	Parkin S, Mackay GM, Cooper A. How drivers sit in cars. In: 37th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 4-6, 1993; San Antonio, TX.375-388.
1976	McElhaney JH, Roberts VL, Hilyard JF. Handbook of Human Tolerance. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) Inc; 1976.
1992	Hill JR, Mackay GM, Morris AP, Smith MT, Little S. Car occupant injury patterns with special reference to chest and abdominal jnjuries caused by seat belt loading. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.357-372.
1989	Bacon DGC. The effect of restraint design and seat position on the crash trajectory of the Hybrid III dummy. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.451-457.
1976	Griffiths DK, Hayes HRM, Gloyns PF, Rattenbury SJ, Mackay GM. Car occupant fatalities and the effects of future safety legislation. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 18-20, 1976; Dearborn, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:337-388. SAE 760811.
1990	Bahling GS, Bundorf RT, Kaspzyk GS, Moffatt EA, Orlowski KF, Stocke JE. Rollover and drop tests: the influence of roof strength on injury mechanics using belted dummies. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:101-112. SAE 902314.
1990	Mackay GM, Cheng L, Smith M, Parkin S. Restrained front seat car occupant fatalities: the nature and circumstances of their injuries. In: 34th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1990; Scottsdale, AZ.139-161.

Cited By (14)

Year	Entry
1995	Johannessen HG, Mackay M. Why "intelligent" automotive occupant restraint systems? In: 39th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 1995; Chicago, IL.519-526.
1995	Miller HJ. Injury reduction with smart restraint systems. In: 39th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 1995; Chicago, IL.527-541.
1995	Parkin S, Mackay GM, Hassan AM, Graham R. Rear end collisions and seat performance: to yield or not to yield. In: 39th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 16-18, 1995; Chicago, IL.231-244.
1996	Cullen E, Stabler KM, Mackay GM, Parkin S. How people sit in cars: implications for driver and passenger safety in frontal collisions: the case for smart restraints. In: 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1996; Vancouver, BC.77-93.
2002	Morris A, Welsh R, Frampton R, Charlton J, Fildes B. An overview of requirements for the crash protection of older drivers. In: 46th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 30–October 2, 2002; Tempe, AZ.
2003	Morris A, Welsh R, Hassan A. Requirements for the crash protection of older vehicle passengers. In: 47th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 22-24, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.165-180.
2007	Augenstein J, Perdeck E, Digges K, Bahouth G. Age appropriate restraints for the right front passenger. In: 51st Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 15-17, 2007; Melbourne, Australia.381-394.
2009	Augenstein J, Perdeck E, Digges K, Bahouth G. Opportunities for protecting the right front passenger in frontal crashes. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Augenstein J, Digges K, Bahouth G, Cui X, Higuchi K, Hiromasa T, St. Lawrence S. Occupant injuries in frontal crashes by age, weight and BMI. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
1996	Cullen E, Stabler KM, Mackay GM, Parkin S. Head restraint positioning and occupant safety in rear impacts: the case for smart restraints. In: Proceedings of the 1996 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 11-13, 1996; Dublin, Ireland.137-152.
2001	Cuerden R, Hill J, Kirk A, Mackay M. The potential effectiveness of adaptive restraints. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2007	Digges K, Welsh R, Morris A. Low severity frontal crashes that cause injury to elderly occupants. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.291-297.
2011	Gierczycka‐Zbrozek D. Adaptive restraints: suggested parameters for occupant classification system. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 14-16, 2011; Krakow, Poland.311-314.
2017	Simms CK. The need for accident investigation: Murray Mackay’s work presented at Conferences of the International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury from 1973 to 2013. In: Proceedings of the 2017 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 13-15, 2017; Antwerp, Belgium.xii-xxi.