The function of the primary ligaments of the knee in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral motions

Piziali, Robert L.; Seering, Warren P.; Nagel, Donald A.; Schurman, David J.

Affiliations

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Design Division, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.

²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts lnstitute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

³Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, California, U.S A.

Abstract

The functions of the primary ligaments of the human knee have been investigated during anterior, posterior, medial and lateral tibial displacements. The ligaments of in vitro knee specimens have been loaded to large load levels and all three resultant orthogonal components of force and of moment acting on the femur as a result of the applied tibial displacements have been measured. Least squares cubic spline curves fit to the data have been analyzed to determine what percentage of a given applied load is transmitted by each ligament. These curves can also provide data for a computer model of the human leg.

Links

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(80)90239-0

PubMed: 7440592

WoS: A1980KQ97300005

History

Received: 1979-06-1

Revised: 1980-01-22

Cited Works (11)

Year	Entry
1966	Viidik A, Lewin T. Changes in tensile strength characteristics and histology of rabbit ligaments induced by different modes of postmortal storage. Acta Orthop Scand. 1966;37(2):141-155.
1975	Girgis FG, Marshall JL, Al Monajem ARS. The cruciate ligaments of the knee joint: anatomical, functional and experimental analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. January–February 1975;106:216-231.
1968	Tkaczuk H. Tensile properties of human lumbar longitudinal ligaments. Acta Orthop Scand. 1968;39(suppl 115):1-69.
1976	Kennedy JC, Hawkins RJ, Willis RB, Danylchuck KD. Tension studies of human knee ligaments: yield point, ultimate failure, and disruption of the cruciate and tibial collateral ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg. April 1976;58A(3):350-355.
1941	Brantigan OC, Voshell AF. The mechanics of the ligaments and menisci of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg. January 1941;23(1):44-66.
1976	Noyes FR, Grood ES. The strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in humans and Rhesus monkeys. J Bone Joint Surg. 1976;58A(8):1074-1082.
1973	Wang C-J, Walker PS, Wolf B. The effects of flexion and rotation on the length patterns of the ligaments of the knee. J Biomech. November 1973;6(6):587-596.
1976	Markolf KL, Mensch JS, Amstutz HC. Stiffness and laxity of the knee: the contributions of the supporting structures: a quantitative in vitro study. J Bone Joint Surg. July 1976;58A(5):583-594.
1965	Elliott DH. Structure and function of mammalian tendon. Biol Rev. August 1965;40(3):392-421.
1967	Hirsch C, Galante J. Laboratory conditions for tensile tests in annulus fibrosus from human intervertebral discs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38(2):148-162.
1976	Trent PS, Walker PS, Wolf B. Ligament length patterns, strength, and rotational axes of the knee joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1976;117:263-270.

Cited By (19)

Year	Entry
1990	Markolf KL, Gorek JF, Kabo JM, Shapiro MS, Finerman GAM. New insights into load bearing functions of the anterior cruciate ligament. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 1. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:155-175.
1990	O'Connor JJ, Zavatsky A. Kinematics and mechanics of the cruciate ligaments of the knee. In: Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Woo SL-Y, eds. Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints. Vol 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1990:197-241.
2001	Weiss JA, Gardiner JC. Computational modeling of ligament mechanics. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;29(3):303-371.
1980	Seering WP, Piziali RL, Nagel DA, Schurman DJ. The function of the primary ligaments of the knee in varus-valgus and axial rotation. J Biomech. 1980;13(9):785-794.
1986	Salathé EP Jr, Arangio GA, Salathé EP. A biomechanical model of the foot. J Biomech. 1986;19(12):989-1001.
1992	Butler DL, Guan Y, Kay MD, Cummings JF, Feder SM, Levy MS. Location-dependent variations in the material properties of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech. May 1992;25(5):511-518.
1993	Kwan MK, Lin TH-C, Woo SL-Y. On the viscoelastic properties of the anteromedial bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Biomech. April–May 1993;26(4-5):447-452.
1990	Berns GS, Hull ML, Patterson HA. Implementation of a five degree of freedom automated system to determine knee flexibility in vitro. J Biomech Eng. November 1990;112(4):392-400.
2009	Baldwin M. Explicit Finite Element Modeling of Knee Mechanics During Simulated Dynamic Activities [PhD thesis]. University of Denver; June 2009.
2007	Wickwire AC. Development of Experimental and Computational Methodologies for Construction of a Subject-Specific Knee Finite Element Model [Master's thesis]. University of Pittsburgh; 2007.
2002	Moglo KE. Analyse non linéaire par éléments finis du genou humain sous charges complexes en flexion [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; October 2002.
1984	Lafortune MA. The Use of Intra-Cortical Pins to Measure the Motion of the Knee Joint During Walking [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; August 1984.
2002	Sidwell AJ. A Comparison of Twisted Versus Parallel Hamstring Tendon Grafts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction [Master's thesis]. Queen's University; May 2002.
1989	Read L. A Two-Dimensional Knee Joint Model Applied to Landing Movements in Alpine Skiing [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 1989.
1996	Maitland ME. Longitudinal Measurement of Tibial Motion Relative to the Femur During Passive Displacements and Femoral Nerve Stimulation in the ACL-Deficient Cat Model of Osteoarthritis [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 1996.
1986	Bylski DI. In Situ Measurement of Meniscal Mechanics in Human Knee Joints [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 1986.
2011	Brown TN. Trained Neuromechanical Adaptations Associated With ACL Injury Prevention Programs [PhD thesis]. University of Michigan; 2011.
1994	Ziegler JM. A Dynamic Computational Model of the Human Knee Joint With Implementation in Two Optimal Control Models [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; August 1994.
1997	Shelburne KB. Modeling the Mechanics of the Normal and Reconstructed Knee Joint [PhD thesis]. University of Texas at Austin; May 1997.