The influence of running velocity and midsole hardness on external impact forces in heel-toe running

wbldb

Nigg, B. M.¹; Bahlsen, H. A.¹; Luethi, S. M.²; Stokes, S.¹

The influence of running velocity and midsole hardness on external impact forces in heel-toe running

J Biomech. 1987;20(10):951-959

Affiliations

¹Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

²Biomechanics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of midsole hardness and running velocity on external impact forces in heel-toe running. Fourteen subjects were assessed with a force platform and high speed film while running at speeds of 3, 4, 5 and 6 m s⁻¹. The result showed that running velocity does influence external impact force peaks (linear connection) and that midsole hardness does not influence magnitude and loading rate of the external vertical impact forces. Changes in kinematic and kinetic data can be used to explain this result mechanically. However, the neuromuscular control mechanisms to keep external impact forces constant are not known.
Links

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90324-1

PubMed: 3693376

WoS: A1987K777600004
History

Received: 1985-09-19

Revised: 1987-01-30

Cited Works (8)

Year	Entry
1980	Cavanagh PR. The Running Shoe Book. Mountain View, CA: Anderson World; 1980.
1980	Cavanagh PR, Lafortune MA. Ground reaction forces in distance running. J Biomech. 1980;13(5):397-406.
1981	Clement DB, Taunton JE, Smart GW, McNicol KL. A survey of overuse running injuries. Phys Sportsmed. May 1981;9(5):47-58.
1986	Denoth J. Load on the locomotor system and modeling. In: Nigg BM, ed. Biomechanics of Running Shoes. Champaign, IL: Inc., Human Kinetics Publishers; 1986:63-116.
1986	Nigg BM. Experimental techniques used in running shoe research. In: Nigg BM, ed. Biomechanics of Running Shoes. Champaign, IL: Inc., Human Kinetics Publishers; 1986:27-61.
1973	Radin EL, Parker HG, Pugh JW, Steinberg RS, Paul IL, Rose RM. Response of joints to impact loading, III: relationship between trabecular microfractures and cartilage degeneration. J Biomech. January 1973;6(1):51-57.
1982	Radin EL, Orr RB, Kelman JL, Paul IL, Rose RM. Effect of prolonged walking on concrete on the knees of sheep. J Biomech. 1982;15(7):487-492.
1978	James SL, Bates BT, Osternig LR. Injuries to runners. Am J Sports Med. 1978;6(2):40-50.

Cited By (30)

Year	Entry
1996	Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Thomas SA, Wark JD, Brukner PD. The incidence and distribution of stress fractures in competitive track and field athletes: a twelve-month prospective study. Am J Sports Med. March–April 1996;24(2):211-217.
2000	Neptune RR, Wright IC, van den Bogert AJ. A method for numerical simulation of single limb ground contact events: application to heel-toe running. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2000;3(4):321-334.
2011	Bentley JA, Ramanathan AK, Arnold GP, Wang W, Abboud RJ. Harmful cleats of football boots: a biomechanical evaluation. Foot Ankle Surg. September 2011;17(3):140-144.
1995	Gerritsen KGM, van den Bogert AJ, Nigg BM. Direct dynamics simulation of the impact phase in heel-toe running. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):661-668.
2010	Braunstein B, Arampatzis A, Eysel P, Brüggemann G-P. Footwear affects the gearing at the ankle and knee joints during running. J Biomech. 2010;43(11):2120-2125.
2023	Perrin TP, Morio CYM, Besson T, Kerhervé HA, Millet GY, Rossi J. Comparison of skin and shoe marker placement on metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics during running. J Biomech. January 2023;146:111410.
1990	Scott SH, Winter DA. Internal forces at chronic running injury sites. Med Sci Sports Exer. June 1990;22(3):357-369.
2001	Stacoff A, Reinschmidt C, Nigg BM, Van Den Bogert AJ, Lundberg A, Denoth J, Stüssi E. Effects of shoe sole construction on skeletal motion during running. Med Sci Sports Exer. February 2001;33(2):311-319.
2008	Riley P, Dicharry J, Franz J, Croce UD, Wilder RP, Kerrigan DC. A kinematics and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill running. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2008;40(6):1093-1100.
2011	Caple MCJ, James IT, Bartlett MD, Bartlett DI. Development of a simplified dynamic testing device for turfed sports surfaces. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part P-J Sports Eng Tech. June 2011;225(2):103-109.
2020	Aguirre TG, Fuller L, Ingrole A, Seek TW, Wheatley BB, Steineman BD, Haut Donahue TL, Donahue SW. Bioinspired material architectures from bighorn sheep horncore velar bone for impact loading applications. Sci Rep. 2020;10:18916.
2020	Aguirre TG. Bio-Inspired Design for Engineering Applications: Empirical and Finite Element Studies of Biomechanically Adapted Porous Bone Architectures [PhD thesis]. Colorado State University; Summer 2020.
2008	Weeks BK. Improving Bone Health With Physical Activity: The Power PE Study and Development of the Bone-Specific Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) [PhD thesis]. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University; January 2008.
2008	Thomas JM. Factors Affecting Lower Extremity Loading During Running [PhD thesis]. Iowa State University; 2008.
1998	Giddings VL. Computer Simulations of Calcaneal Loading and Bone Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1998.
1988	Bahlsen A. The Etiology of Running Industries: A Longitudinal, Prospective Study [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 1988.
1995	Cole GK. Loading of the Joints of the Lower Extremities During the Impact Phase in Running [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; July 1995.
1998	Stacoff AP. Skeletal Lower Extremity Motions During Running [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; August 1998.
1998	Wright IC. A Simulation Study of the Contribution of Several Factors to Ankle Sprain Susceptibility [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 1998.
2003	Miller-Young JE. Factors Affecting Human Heel Pad Mechanics: A Finite Element Study [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2003.
2003	Nurse MA. Effects of Cutaneous Afferent Feedback from the Feet on Human Gait Patterns [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2003.
2006	Boyer KA. Soft Tissue Vibrations and Muscle Tuning During Heel-Toe Running [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2006.
2011	Coza A. Effects of Mechanical Vibrations and Compression on Muscle Contractile Properties and Physiology [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2011.
2012	Graf ES. Torsion of the Foot [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; May 2012.
2017	Hoerzer S. Selected Methodological Approaches to Identify Functional Groups in Running [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; December 2017.
1998	Ferris DP. Leg Stiffness and Muscle Activity During Human Locomotion [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 1998.
2004	Queen RM. The Effect of Positive Posterior Heel Flare on Muscle Activation, Kinetics, and Kinematics During Running Gait [PhD thesis]. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2004.
2014	Hashish R. The Biomechanical Changes Associated With the Transition from Shod to Barefoot Running [PhD thesis]. University of Southern California (USC); December 2014.
2016	Lippa NM. Energy Management Mechanisms Employed At the Human-Material Interface of Traditional and Minimalist Shod Running [PhD thesis]. Hattiesburg, MS: University of Southern Mississippi; May 2016.
2013	Frank N. The Effect of Minimal Footwear and Midsole Stiffness on Lower Limb Kinematics and Kinetics in Novice and Trained Runners [Master's thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2013.