Bulging of lumbar intervertebral disks

Reuber, M.<sup>1,2</sup>; Schultz, A.<sup>3</sup>; Denis, F.<sup>4</sup>; Spencer, D.<sup>5</sup>

Affiliations

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario

²Currently: University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill, 60680

³Department of Materials Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ill, 60680

⁴St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, Saint Paul, Minn. 55101

⁵Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, III. 60612

Abstract

Lateral, posterolateral, posterior, and end plate bulges in the intervertebral disks of 14 fresh human cadaver lumbar motion segments were measured. Loads were applied in compression of up to 800 N; and in right lateral bending, extension, flexion, and torsion of up to 12 Nm. Mean disk bulges up to 2.7 mm were found. Disk bulges differed little after fluid injection or after posterior element removal.

Links

DOI: 10.1115/1.3138347

PubMed: 7120942

WoS: A1982PB12300004

History

Received: 1981-01-05

Revised: 1982-02-23

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Cited By (21)

Year	Entry
1986	Miller JAA, Schultz AB, Warwick DN, Spencer DL. Mechanical properties of lumbar spine motion segments under large loads. J Biomech. 1986;19(1):79-84.
1989	Yoganandan N, Ray G, Pintar FA, Myklebust JB, Sances A Jr. Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint. J Biomech. 1989;22(2):135-142.
1986	Spilker RL, Jakobs DM, Schultz AB. Material constants for a finite element model of the intervertebral disk with a fiber composite annulus. J Biomech Eng. February 1986;108(1):1-11.
1987	Stokes IAF. Surface strain on human intervertebral discs. J Orthop Res. 1987;5(3):348-355.
1983	Denis F. The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine. November–December 1983;8(8):817-831.
1984	Shirazi-Adl SA, Shrivastava SC, Ahmed A. Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression: a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. Spine. March 1984;9(2):120-134.
1986	Kurowski P, Kubo A. The relationship of degeneration of the intervertebral disc to mechanical loading conditions on lumbar vertebrae. Spine. 1986;11(7):726-731.
1995	Goel VK, Monroe BT, Gilbertson LG, Brinckmann P. Interlaminar shear stresses and laminae separation in a disc: finite element analysis of the L3-L4 motion segment subjected to axial compressive loads. Spine. March 15, 1995;20(6):689-698.
1996	Iatridis JC. Biomechanics of the Anulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc and the Effects of Degeneration [PhD thesis]. Columbia University; 1996.
2004	Joshi AB. Mechanical Behavior of the Human Lumbar Intervertebral Disc With Polymeric Hydrogel Nucleus Implant: An Experimental and Finite Element Study [PhD thesis]. Drexel University; February 2004.
1985	Yoganandan N. Mechanical Factors and the Threshold of Trauma of the Intervertebral Joint: A Finite Element Analysis With Experimental Validation [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1985.
1986	Pintar FA. The Biomechanics of Spinal Elements [PhD thesis]. Marquette University; December 1986.
1991	Kasra M. Experimental and Finite Element Dynamic Response Analyses of a Human Lumbar Motion Segment [PhD thesis]. École polytechnique de Montréal; March 1991.
2008	Schultz DS. Structure-Function Relationships in Soft Tissue Mechanics: Examining How the Micro-Scale Architecture of Biochemical Constituents Effects Health [PhD thesis]. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley, University of California; 2008.
1988	Kim YE. An Analytical Investigation of Ligamentous Lumbar Spine Mechanics University of Iowa; May 1988.
2009	O'Connell GD. Degeneration Affects the Structural and Tissue Mechanics of the Intervertebral Disc [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2009.
2014	Yoder JH. Intervertebral Disc Structure and Mechanical Function Under Physiological Loading Quantified Non-Invasively Utilizing MRI and Image Registration [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 2014.
2011	Mattucci S. Strain Rate Dependent Properties of Younger Human Cervical Spine Ligaments [Master's thesis]. Waterloo, ON: University of Waterloo; 2011.
2014	Gooyers CE. Exploring Interactions Between Force, Repetition and Posture on Low Back Joint Loading and Intervertebral Disc Injury [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2014.
2016	Balkovec C. Intervertebral Disc Height Loss and Restoration: Outcomes and Implications [PhD thesis]. University of Waterloo; 2016.
1985	Yang KH. An Experimental and Analytical Study of the Mechanism of Facet Load Transmission [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; May 1985.