A Comparison of Biomechanical Outcomes in Single Leg Squat and Vertical Drop Jump in Youth and Young Adults With and Without a Previous Youth Sport-Related Knee Joint Injury

Objective: To examine the kinematic and kinetic differences during functional movements between youth and young adults with a history of intra-articular knee injury and age, sex, and sport matched controls.

Methods: In total, 186 youth/young adults (age 15-26; 100 female, 86 male; 93 matched pairs) attended a testing session in which kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a motion capture camera system and two force platforms. Joint angles and moments for the ankle, knee, hip, and trunk were calculated and between-group differences were analyzed.

Results: No group differences were observed for either males or females in the primary outcomes (knee abduction/adduction angle, knee abduction/adduction moment) in either the vertical drop jump or single leg squat. Group differences were observed for the females during the vertical drop jump in the hip abduction moment on the index limb and the knee valgus angle, knee abduction moment, and hip external rotation angle on the non-index limb; during the single leg squat in the hip adduction angle on the index limb and the knee flexion angle on the nonindex limb.

Conclusions: Previously injured female participants demonstrate some kinematic and kinetic differences in functional movements 3-10 years following an intra-articular knee joint injury.

Year	Entry
2005	Griffin TM, Guilak F. The role of mechanical loading in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. October 2005;33(4):195-200.
2008	Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, Arnold LM, Choi H, Deyo RA, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Hochberg MC, Hunder GG, Jordan JM, Katz JN, Kremers HM, Wolfe F; National Arthritis Data Workgroup. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: part II. Arthritis Rheum. January 2008;58(1):26-35.
2002	Hurwitz DE, Ryals AB, Case JP, Block JA, Andriacchi TP. The knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis is more closely correlated with static alignment than radiographic disease severity, toe out angle and pain. J Orthop Res. January 2002;20(1):101-107.
1990	Bell AL, Pedersen DR, Brand RA. A comparison of the accuracy of several hip center location prediction methods. J Biomech. 1990;23(6):617-621.
2002	Miyazaki T, Wada M, Kawahara H, Sato M, Baba H, Shimada S. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. July 2002;61(6):617-622.
2007	Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. GPower 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods*. May 2007;39(2):175-191.
1989	Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME, Gainey J, Gorton G, Cochran GVB. Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait. J Orthop Res. November 1989;7(6):849-860.
1986	Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. February 8, 1986;327(8476):307-310.
2010	Kutzner I, Heinlein B, Graichen F, Bender A, Rohlmann A, Halder A, Beier A, Bergmann G. Loading of the knee joint during activities of daily living measured in vivo in five subjects. J Biomech. August 10, 2010;43(11):2164-2173.
2016	Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. June 2016;15(2):155-163.
2002	Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.
2002	Baliunas AJ, Hurwitz DE, Ryals AB, Karrar A, Case JP, Block JA, Andriacchi TP. Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. July 2002;10(7):573-579.
2007	Landry SC, McKean KA, Hubley-Kozey CL, Stanish WD, Deluzio KJ. Knee biomechanics of moderate OA patients measured during gait at a self-selected and fast walking speed. J Biomech. 2007;40(8):1754-1761.
2001	Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. July 11, 2001;286(2):188-195.
2005	Roos EM. Joint injury causes knee osteoarthritis in young adults. Curr Opin Rhuematol. March 2005;17(2):195-200.
2008	Dierks TA, Manal KT, Hamill J, Davis IS. Proximal and distal influences on hip and knee kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain during a prolonged run. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. August 2008;38(8):448-456.
2011	Guilak F. Biomechanical factors in osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. December 2011;25(6):815-823.
2007	Lohmander LS, Englund PM, Dahl LL, Roos EM. The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. October 2007;35(10):1756-1769.
1979	Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. 1979;86(2):420-428.
2008	Astephen JL, Deluzio KJ, Caldwell GE, Dunbar MJ. Biomechanical changes at the hip, knee, and ankle joints during gait are associated with knee osteoarthritis severity. J Orthop Res. March 2008;26(3):332-341.
1993	Cole GK, Nigg BM, Ronsky JL, Yeadon MR. Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardization proposal. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4A):344-349.
1996	Milne AD, Chess DG, Johnson JA, King GJW. Accuracy of an electromagnetic tracking device: a study of the optimal operating range and metal interference. J Biomech. June 1996;29(6):791-793.
1995	Markolf KL, Burchfield DM, Shapiro MM, Shepard MF, Finerman GAM, Slauterbeck JL. Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces. J Orthop Res. November 1995;13(6):930-935.
1997	Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert A, Nigg B, Lundberg A, Murphy N. Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running. J Biomech. July 1997;30(7):729-732.
2012	Kristianslund E, Krosshaug T, van den Bogert AJ. Effect of low pass filtering on joint moments from inverse dynamics: implications for injury prevention. J Biomech. February 23, 2012;45(4):666-671.
1996	de Leva P. Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. J Biomech. September 1996;29(9):1223-1230.
2000	Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, Wang N-Y, Wigley FM, Klag MJ. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. September 5, 2000;133(5):321-328.
2005	Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, Heidt RS Jr, Colosimo AJ, McLean SG, van den Bogert AJ, Paterno MV, Succop P. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. April 2005;33(4):492-501.
1995	Challis JH. A procedure for determining rigid body transformation parameters. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):733-737.
2001	Kaufman KR, Hughes C, Morrey BF, Morrey M, An K-N. Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Biomech. July 2001;34(7):907-915.
2006	Bisseling RW, Hof AL. Handling of impact forces in inverse dynamics. J Biomech. 2006;39(13):2438-2444.

Year

Entry

2005

Griffin TM, Guilak F. The role of mechanical loading in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. October 2005;33(4):195-200.

2008

Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, Arnold LM, Choi H, Deyo RA, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Hochberg MC, Hunder GG, Jordan JM, Katz JN, Kremers HM, Wolfe F; National Arthritis Data Workgroup. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: part II. Arthritis Rheum. January 2008;58(1):26-35.

2002

Hurwitz DE, Ryals AB, Case JP, Block JA, Andriacchi TP. The knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis is more closely correlated with static alignment than radiographic disease severity, toe out angle and pain. J Orthop Res. January 2002;20(1):101-107.

1990

Bell AL, Pedersen DR, Brand RA. A comparison of the accuracy of several hip center location prediction methods. J Biomech. 1990;23(6):617-621.

2002

Miyazaki T, Wada M, Kawahara H, Sato M, Baba H, Shimada S. Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. July 2002;61(6):617-622.

2007

Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. May 2007;39(2):175-191.

1989

Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME, Gainey J, Gorton G, Cochran GVB. Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait. J Orthop Res. November 1989;7(6):849-860.

1986

Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. February 8, 1986;327(8476):307-310.

2010

Kutzner I, Heinlein B, Graichen F, Bender A, Rohlmann A, Halder A, Beier A, Bergmann G. Loading of the knee joint during activities of daily living measured in vivo in five subjects. J Biomech. August 10, 2010;43(11):2164-2173.

2016

Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. June 2016;15(2):155-163.

2002

Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion, I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech. 2002;35(4):543-548.

2002

Baliunas AJ, Hurwitz DE, Ryals AB, Karrar A, Case JP, Block JA, Andriacchi TP. Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. July 2002;10(7):573-579.

2007

Landry SC, McKean KA, Hubley-Kozey CL, Stanish WD, Deluzio KJ. Knee biomechanics of moderate OA patients measured during gait at a self-selected and fast walking speed. J Biomech. 2007;40(8):1754-1761.

2001

Sharma L, Song J, Felson DT, Cahue S, Shamiyeh E, Dunlop DD. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. JAMA. July 11, 2001;286(2):188-195.

2005

Roos EM. Joint injury causes knee osteoarthritis in young adults. Curr Opin Rhuematol. March 2005;17(2):195-200.

2008

Dierks TA, Manal KT, Hamill J, Davis IS. Proximal and distal influences on hip and knee kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain during a prolonged run. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. August 2008;38(8):448-456.

2011

Guilak F. Biomechanical factors in osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. December 2011;25(6):815-823.

2007

Lohmander LS, Englund PM, Dahl LL, Roos EM. The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. October 2007;35(10):1756-1769.

1979

Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. 1979;86(2):420-428.

2008

Astephen JL, Deluzio KJ, Caldwell GE, Dunbar MJ. Biomechanical changes at the hip, knee, and ankle joints during gait are associated with knee osteoarthritis severity. J Orthop Res. March 2008;26(3):332-341.

1993

Cole GK, Nigg BM, Ronsky JL, Yeadon MR. Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardization proposal. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4A):344-349.

1996

Milne AD, Chess DG, Johnson JA, King GJW. Accuracy of an electromagnetic tracking device: a study of the optimal operating range and metal interference. J Biomech. June 1996;29(6):791-793.

1995

Markolf KL, Burchfield DM, Shapiro MM, Shepard MF, Finerman GAM, Slauterbeck JL. Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces. J Orthop Res. November 1995;13(6):930-935.

1997

Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert A, Nigg B, Lundberg A, Murphy N. Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running. J Biomech. July 1997;30(7):729-732.

2012

Kristianslund E, Krosshaug T, van den Bogert AJ. Effect of low pass filtering on joint moments from inverse dynamics: implications for injury prevention. J Biomech. February 23, 2012;45(4):666-671.

1996

de Leva P. Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. J Biomech. September 1996;29(9):1223-1230.

2000

Gelber AC, Hochberg MC, Mead LA, Wang N-Y, Wigley FM, Klag MJ. Joint injury in young adults and risk for subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. September 5, 2000;133(5):321-328.

2005

Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, Heidt RS Jr, Colosimo AJ, McLean SG, van den Bogert AJ, Paterno MV, Succop P. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. April 2005;33(4):492-501.

1995

Challis JH. A procedure for determining rigid body transformation parameters. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):733-737.

2001

Kaufman KR, Hughes C, Morrey BF, Morrey M, An K-N. Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Biomech. July 2001;34(7):907-915.

2006

Bisseling RW, Hof AL. Handling of impact forces in inverse dynamics. J Biomech. 2006;39(13):2438-2444.

Year	Entry
2022	Russell MK. Biomechanical Differences Between Young Adults With and Without a History of Youth Sport-Related Ankle Injury [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; October 2022.

Year

Entry

2022

Russell MK. Biomechanical Differences Between Young Adults With and Without a History of Youth Sport-Related Ankle Injury [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; October 2022.