Aging is the consequence of an array ofphenotypic variations that appear to involve intrinsic or constitutional properties in all cells and systems, including qualitative and quantitative alterations in development, maturational structure and function. The aging process in bone involves a set of changes in bone cells differentiation, interaction and premature death. Osteoblasts are the cells most affected during the aging process in bone due to their complex mechanisms ofdifferentiation, their interaction with honnones and growth factors and their progression to apoptosis.
In the process of differentiation ofhuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) into osteoblasts there is a significant change (up or down regulation) in 74 genes occurs between the phase of differentiation (week 1) and mineralization (week 3). Among these genes affected, a group called "Interferon-inducible genes" plays an important role during the first phase ofdifferentiation. In addition, interferon y (IFNy) per se plays a pivotal role in this process in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, IFNy induces early osteoblastic differentiation ofhMSC and up-regulates Cbfal, the most important transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. In vivo IFNy absence results in low bone turnover osteoporosis. Furthennore, in the SAM-P/6 mouse model (a previously described model ofsenile osteoporosis) age-related changes in osteoblasts are regulated by the administration of 1,25(OH)₂D₃. Treated mice show a significant increase in bone mass as a consequence of concomitant increase in osteoblastogenesis together with a decrease in both adipogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. The changes in gene expression induced by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in these mice indicate a predominant osteogenic effect and provide a better understanding ofthe aging process in the osteoblast. In addition to gene changes, during their aging process osteoblasts show a significant reduction in the number and bioresponse of vitamin D receptors (VDR) in vivo. These changes can be reversed by the administration ofEz indicating a close interaction between Ez and vitamin D in the aging process ofbone. Finally, the pathways involved in osteoblast apoptosis were assessed. We found that osteoblast apoptosis in vitro is induced predominantly by the activation of the Fas pathway with further activation ofthe cascade ofcaspases. Additionally, a mitochondrial role for 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in osteoblast apoptosis was found through the increasing levels ofpro-apoptotic Bax and decreasing levels ofthe anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. All these apoptotic pathways were found to be inhibited by 1,25(OH)₂D₃ which induced Fas resistance through the inactivation of caspase-8 and stimulation of Bcl-2 expression. In summary, these findings elucidate several molecular changes that occur during the aging process in the osteoblast. These changes also identify potential targets that may be regulated to provide better function and extend the life span ofthese cells which are essential to maintain bone integrity.