Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries:​ risk factors and prevention strategies

Griffin, Letha Y.<sup>1,2</sup>; Agel, Julie<sup>3</sup>; Albohm, Marjorie J.<sup>4</sup>; Arendt, Elizabeth A.<sup>5</sup>; Dick, Randall<sup>6</sup>; Garrett, William E.<sup>7</sup>; Garrick, James G.<sup>8</sup>; Hewett, Timothy E<sup>9</sup>; Huston, Laura<sup>10</sup>; Ireland, Mary Lloyd<sup>11</sup>; Johnson, Robert J.<sup>12</sup>; Kibler, W. Benjamin<sup>13</sup>; Lephart, Scott<sup>14</sup>; Lewis, Jack L.<sup>15</sup>; Lindenfeld, Thomas N.<sup>16</sup>; Mandelbaum, Bert R.<sup>16</sup>; Marchak, Patricia<sup>18</sup>; Teitz, Carol C.<sup>19</sup>; Wojtys, Edward M.<sup>20</sup>

Affiliations

¹Georgia State University, Atlanta

²Peachtree Orthopaedic Clinic, Atlanta

³Orthopaedics Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

⁴Orthopaedic Research Foundation, Orthopaedics Indianapolis, Center for Hip and Knee Surgery, Mooresville, Ind

⁵University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

⁶National Collegiate Athletic Association, Indianapolis

⁷Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill

⁸University of California Center for Sports Medicine, San Francisco

⁹Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and Education Foundation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati

¹⁰Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan—MedSport, Ann Arbor

¹¹Department of Orthopaedics, Eastern Kentucky University, Lexington

¹²Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington

¹³Lexington Sports Medicine Center, Lexington, Ky

¹⁴Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh

¹⁵Orthopaedic Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

¹⁶Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic Center, Cincinnati

¹⁷Santa Monica Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Group, Santa Monica, Calif

¹⁸Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

¹⁹University of Washington, Seattle

²⁰University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Abstract

An estimated 80,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears occur annually in the United States. The highest incidence is in individuals 15 to 25 years old who participate in pivoting sports. With an estimated cost for these injuries of almost a billion dollars per year, the ability to identify risk factors and develop prevention strategies has widespread health and fiscal importance. Seventy percent of ACL injuries occur in noncontact situations. The risk factors for noncontact ACL injuries fall into four distinct categories: environmental, anatomic, hormonal, and biomechanical. Early data on existing neuromuscular training programs suggest that enhancing body control may decrease ACL injuries in women. Further investigation is needed prior to instituting prevention programs related to the other risk factors.

Links

PubMed: 10874221

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