Steering wheel induced head and facial injuries amongst drivers restrained by seat belts

Gloyns, P. F.; Rattenbury, S. J.; Rivlin, A. Z.; Hayes, H. R. M.; Hanstead, J. K.; Proctor, S.

Affiliations

¹Accident Research Unit, Department of Transportation and Environmental Planning, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.

Cited Works (11)

Year	Entry
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1980	The Abbreviated Injury Scale 1980 Revision. Morton Grove, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM); 1980.
1968	Nahum AM, Gatts JD, Gadd CW, Danforth J. Impact tolerance of the skull and face. In: Proceedings of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 22-23, 1968; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:302-316. SAE 680785.
1980	Thomas C, Faverjon G, Henry C, Tarrière C, Got C, Patel A. Comparative study of 1624 belted and 3242 non-belted occupants: results on the effectiveness of seat belts. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1980; Rochester, NY.422-436.
1979	Césari D, Ramet M. Evaluation of human tolerance in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:875-914. SAE 791032.
1975	Grattan E, Clegg NG, Wall JG. Intracranial or neck injury in belted car occupants. In: Proceedings of the 1975 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1975; Birmingham, UK.114-120.
1975	Hartemann F, Tarriere C, Mackay GM, Gloyns PF, Hayes HRM, Cesari D, Ramet M. How to further improve the protection of occupants wearing seat belts. In: 19th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 20, 1975; San Diego, CA.36-48.
1977	Hartemann F, Thomas C, Henry C, Foret-Bruno J-Y, Faverjon G, Tarriere C, Got C, Patel A. Belted or not belted: the only difference between two matched samples of 200 car occupants. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:97-150. SAE 770917.
1977	Bourret P, Corbelli S, Cavallero C. Injury agents and impact mechanisms in frontal crashes about 350 in the field accidents. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:215-258. SAE 770919.
1979	Andersson CE, Bäckström C, Forsman B, Gustafsson H, Nilsson LE, Nygren Å, Wersäll J. Facial-, head- and neck injuries orginating from road-traffic accidents: a comparison between car drivers and front seat passengers using seat belts and those not using seat belts. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.250-262.
1980	Dalmotas DJ. Mechanisms of injury to vehicle occupants restrained by three-point seat belts. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:441-476. SAE 801311.

Cited By (8)

Year	Entry
1994	Wasiowych A, Duignan P, Lozzi A. Assessing steering wheel impacts using a Hybrid III and deformable load sensing face. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.136-143.
1982	Thomas C, Faverjon G, Tarrière C, Hartemann F, Got C, Patel A. The main causes of risk differences for restrained drivers and their restrained front passenger in frontal collisions. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.707-719.
1989	Clemo KC, Penoyre S, White MJ. Safer steering wheels to reduce face bone fractures. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.275-287.
1989	Biss DJ. Investigation, evaluation, and development of advanced concepts in three-point belt comfort enhancement devices. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.416-442.
1982	Nygren Å, Gustafsson H, Tingvall C. Injury frequency and injury panorama among drivers: a comparison between small and big cars and the influence of year model and production start. In: Proceedings of the 1982 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1982; Cologne, Germany.30-39.
1986	Vallet G, Ramet Y, Debicz G, Dedoyan A, Durand F. Seat belt efficiency: paired case study with unbelted and belted occupants. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.65-83.
1988	Gallup BM, Hallgrimsson BH, Cotton CE, Smith TA, Newman JA, Dalmotas DJ. The development of an improved ATD headform with a frangible facial insert. In: Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 14-16, 1988; Bergisch-Gladbach, West Germany.327-343.
1992	Frampton RJ, Mackay GM, Parkin S. An assessment of real world steering wheel intrusion characteristics and their implications for head and face injuries to restrained drivers in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.373-383.