Mechanisms producing lower extremity injuries in pedestrian accident situations

Cesari, D.; Cavallero, C.; Roche, H.

Pedestrians constitute a large part of traffic accident victims.

Improvement of pedestrian protection by car design needs the knowledge of the mechanisms producing injuries.

Based on the analysis of cadaver pedestrian tests duplicated by dummy with full instrumented lower extremity tests, this paper describes the mechanisms of pedestrian lower extremity injuries as a function of impact conditions.

Year

Entry

1988

Cesari D, Cavallero C, Cassan F, Moffatt C. Interaction between human leg and car bumper in pedestrian tests. In: Proceedings of the 1988 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 14-16, 1988; Bergisch-Gladbach, West Germany.259-269.

1982

European Experimental Vehicle Committee. Pedestrian injury accidents. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.638-671.

1985

Aldman B, Kajzer J, Cesari D, Bouquet R, Zac R. A new dummy for pedestrian test. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.176-185. SAE 856031.

Year

Entry

1994

EEVC Working Group 10 Report: Proposals for Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection for Passenger Cars. European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee (EEVC); November 1994.

2015

Rupp JD. Knee, thigh, and hip injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:471-497.

1994

Sakurai M, Kobayashi K, Ono K, Sasaki A. Evaluation of pedestrian protection test procedure in Japan: influence of upper body mass on leg impact test. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.1114-1130.

1994

Cesari D, Bouquet R, Caire Y, Bermond F. Protection of pedestrians against leg injuries. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.1131-1138.

1996

Nagatomi K, Akiyama A, Kobayashi T. Bumper structure for pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.593-601.

1996

Janssen EG; EEVC WG10. EEVC test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection afforded by passengers cars. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.1212-1225.

2003

Bhalla K, Bose D, Madeley NJ, Kerrigan J, Crandall J, Longhitano D, Takahashi Y. Evaluation of the response of mechanical pedestrian knee joint impactors in bending and shear loading. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 19-22, 2003; Nagoya, Japan.

1991

Cesari D, Alonzo F, Matyjewski M. Subsystem test for pedestrian lower leg and knee protection. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.310-317.

1990

Ohashi H, Ono K, Sasaki A, Ohashi N, Misawa S. The present situation of pedestrian accidents in Japan. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-14, 1990; Lyon, France.283-291.

1992

Bermond F, Cesari D, Alonzo F, Matyjewski M. Mathematical simulation of the pedestrian leg in lateral impact. In: Proceedings of the 1992 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 1992; Verona, Italy.61-72.

1994

Cesari D, Bermond F, Caire Y, Bouquet R. Optimization of pedestrian leg injury protection using a biofidelic human leg. In: Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.303-313.

2003

Teresiński G, Mądro R. A comparison of mechanisms of ankle, knee, pelvis and neck injuries in pedestrians and in cyclists according to the direction of impact and type of vehicle. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.121-132.

2000

Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y, Konosu A, Ishikawa H. Development and validation of the finite element model for the human lower limb of pedestrians. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:335-355. SAE 2000-01-SC22.

2004

Lefler DE, Gabler HC. The fatality and injury risk of light truck impacts with pedestrians in the United States. Accid Anal Prev. March 2004;36(2):295-304.