Bonnet leading edge sub-systems test for cars to assess protection for pedestrians

wbldb

Lawrence, G. J. L.¹; Hardy, B. J.¹; Harris, J.¹

Bonnet leading edge sub-systems test for cars to assess protection for pedestrians

Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV)

Affiliations

¹Transport and Road Research Laboratory
Abstract

This paper describes the research that has been undertaken by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory to develop a sub-systems test to assess the protection that is afforded to pedestrians by the leading edge of the bonnets of cars. This work forms a part of the research by a Working Group of the European Experimental Vehicles Committee, developing test methods that may be used in a Directive by the European Commission, which provided financial support for the work. The paper identifies the existing accident data and full scale cadaver and dummy testing that provide a basis for the work. The safety requirements of both child and adult pedestrians are discussed. Results of additional tests that have been conducted to develop, calibrate and validate the proposed impact device and test method are described. Different car frontal shapes influence the velocity, the effective mass and the direction of the pedestrian’s impact with the bonnet leading edge. This variation has been allowed for by adjusting the conditions of the sub-system test. Proposals for the resolution of these variations with respect to the sub-system test and recommendations for acceptance levels are given.

Cited Works (11)

Year	Entry
1980	Eppinger R, Kulkarni Y. Relationship between vehicle front structure and injury to the adult pedestrian hip area. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 21-24, 1980; Wolfsburg, Germany.879-886.
1987	Lawrence GJL, Harris J. Car to pedestrian impact energies and their apptication to sub-system testing. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 12-15, 1987; Washington, DC.797-805.
1989	Lawrence GJL. The influence of car shape on pedestrian impact energies and its application to sub-system tests. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.1253-1265.
1982	European Experimental Vehicle Committee. Pedestrian injury accidents. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.638-671.
1985	Harris J. Simplified test recommendations for pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.1041-1044. SAE 856119.
1973	Stcherbatcheff G, Fayon A, Tarriere C. Simulation biomecanique des membres inferieurs. In: Proceedings of the 1973 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. June 26-27, 1973; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.479-488.
1990	Ohashi H, Ono K, Sasaki A, Ohashi N, Misawa S. The present situation of pedestrian accidents in Japan. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-14, 1990; Lyon, France.283-291.
1985	Hobbs CA, Lawrence GJL, Clarke CS. PSC1: a demonstration car with improvements for pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.31-38. SAE 856011.
1982	Fowler JE, Harris J. Practical vehicle design for pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.214-224.
1985	Harris J, Grew ND. The influence of car design on pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.1009-1022. SAE 856116.
1986	Nyquist GW. Injury tolerance characteristics of the adult human lower extremities under static and dynamic loading. In: Biomechanics and Medical Aspects of Lower Limb Injuries. Symposium on Biomechanics and Medical Aspects of Lower Limb Injuries; October 29-30, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineering:79-90. SAE 861925.

Cited By (6)

Year	Entry
2015	Simms CK, Wood D, Fredriksson R. Pedestrian injury biomechanics and protection. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:721-753.
1994	Sakurai M, Kobayashi K, Ono K, Sasaki A. Evaluation of pedestrian protection test procedure in Japan: influence of upper body mass on leg impact test. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.1114-1130.
1996	Nagatomi K, Akiyama A, Kobayashi T. Bumper structure for pedestrian protection. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 13-16, 1996; Melbourne, Australia.593-601.
1998	Lawrence GJL, Hardy BJ. Pedestrian safety testing using the EEVC pedestrian impactors. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.2131-2144.
1998	Matsui Y, Ishikawa H, Sasaki A. Validation of pedestrian upper legform impact test: reconstruction of pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.2152-2167.
1991	Harris J. Proposals for test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection for cars. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.293-302.