The Dynamic Impact Response of a Hybrid III Head- and Neckform Under Four Neck Orientations and Three Impact Locations

Head injuries are sensitive to impact direction and are relative to the magnitude of linear (g) and rotational (rad/s²) accelerations (Holbourn, 1943; Kleiven, 2003). This study documented the influence of the Hybrid III headform's geometry and neckform's physical characteristics on the dynamic impact response of the Hybrid III headform at different impact locations.

A Hybrid III head- and neckform was impacted by a linear impactor at 4.2m/s to the front, side and rear locations through the center of gravity. To isolate physical characteristic of the neck on the headform's dynamic impact response, the neck's orientation was positioned about the z (vertical) axis.

Impact location was found to be significantly different across all neck orientations for peak resultant linear (F(2,107)=65.295, plt;0.001) and rotational (F(2,107)=202.822, p<0.001) acceleration. Neck orientation was found to not be significant for peak resultant linear (F(3,107)=0.560, p=0.642) and rotational (F(3,107)=0.169, p=0.917) accelerations.

Understanding the interaction of impact location and neckform characteristics is important for interpreting direct head impact reconstructions using the Hybrid III head- and neckform.

Year	Entry
1975	Padgaonkar AJ, Krieger KW, King AI. Measurement of angular acceleration of a rigid body using linear accelerometers. J Appl Mech. September 1975;42(3):552-556.
1943	Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.
1982	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.
1965	Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR, Patrick LM. Concussion: mechanism and pathology. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:470-482.
2001	Vasavada AN, Li S, Delp SL. Three-dimensional isometric strength of neck muscles in humans. Spine. September 1, 2001;26(17):1904-1909.
2004	Hoshizaki TB, Brien SE. The science and design of head protection in sport. Neurosurgery. October 2004;55(4):956-967.
1989	Deng Y-C. Anthropomorphic dummy neck modeling and injury considerations. Accid Anal Prev. February 1989;21(1):85-100.
1980	Ono K, Kikuchi A, Nakamura M, Kobayashi H, Nakamura N. Human head tolerance to sagittal impact reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using subhuman primates and human cadaver skulls. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:103-160. SAE 801303.
1974	Hubbard RP, McLeod DG. Definition and development of a crash dummy head. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:599-628. SAE 741193.
2003	Kleiven S. Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma. April 2003;20(4):365-379.
2003	Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, Casson IR. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts—part 2. Neurosurgery. December 2003;53(6):1328-1341.
1975	Hodgson VR. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment football helmet certification program. Med Sci Sports. F 1975;7(2):225-232.
1972	Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Ommaya AK. Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:296-308. SAE 720970.
2000	Newman JA, Shewchenko N, Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessment function: the maximum power index. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:215-247. SAE 2000-01-SC16.
1986	Seemann MR, Muzzy WH III, Lustick LS. Comparison of human and Hybrid III head and neck dynamic response. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:291-311. SAE 861892.
1995	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A Jr, Walsh PR, Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Snyder RG. Biomechanics of skull fracture. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):659-668.
1983	Hodgson VR, Thomas LM, Khalil TB. The role of impact location in reversible cerebral concussion. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:225-240. SAE 831618.
1984	Nusholtz GS, Lux P, Kaiker P, Janicki MA. Head impact response: skull deformation and angular accelerations. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:41-74. SAE 841657.
2004	Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J Biomech Eng. 2004;126(2):226-236.
1977	Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-366. SAE 770922.
2001	Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. Comparison of brain responses between frontal and lateral impacts by finite element modeling. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18(1):21-30.
1971	Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.
1966	Gadd CW. Use of a weighted-impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:164-174. SAE 660793.
2008	Rousseau P. The Influence of Neck Compliance and Head Displacement on Impact Dynamics of a Hybrid III Head [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; October 2008.
2003	Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker A, Casson IR, Waeckerle JF. Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries. Neurosurgery. October 2003;53(4):799-814.
1979	Nusholtz GS, Melvin JW, Alem NM. Head impact response comparisons of human surrogates. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:499-541. SAE 791020.

Year

Entry

1975

Padgaonkar AJ, Krieger KW, King AI. Measurement of angular acceleration of a rigid body using linear accelerometers. J Appl Mech. September 1975;42(3):552-556.

1943

Holbourn AHS. Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet. October 9, 1943;242(6267):438-441.

1982

Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP. Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol. 1982;12(6):564-574.

1965

Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR, Patrick LM. Concussion: mechanism and pathology. In: Severy DM, ed. Proceedings of the 7th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. 1963; University of California at Los Angeles. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1965:470-482.

2001

Vasavada AN, Li S, Delp SL. Three-dimensional isometric strength of neck muscles in humans. Spine. September 1, 2001;26(17):1904-1909.

2004

Hoshizaki TB, Brien SE. The science and design of head protection in sport. Neurosurgery. October 2004;55(4):956-967.

1989

Deng Y-C. Anthropomorphic dummy neck modeling and injury considerations. Accid Anal Prev. February 1989;21(1):85-100.

1980

Ono K, Kikuchi A, Nakamura M, Kobayashi H, Nakamura N. Human head tolerance to sagittal impact reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using subhuman primates and human cadaver skulls. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 15-17, 1980; Troy, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:103-160. SAE 801303.

1974

Hubbard RP, McLeod DG. Definition and development of a crash dummy head. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference. December 4-5, 1974; Ann Arbor, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:599-628. SAE 741193.

2003

Kleiven S. Influence of impact direction on the human head in prediction of subdural hematoma. J Neurotrauma. April 2003;20(4):365-379.

2003

Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, Casson IR. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts—part 2. Neurosurgery. December 2003;53(6):1328-1341.

1975

Hodgson VR. National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment football helmet certification program. Med Sci Sports. F 1975;7(2):225-232.

1972

Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Ommaya AK. Pathophysiologic responses to rotational and translational accelerations of the head. In: Proceedings of the 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-10, 1972; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:296-308. SAE 720970.

2000

Newman JA, Shewchenko N, Welbourne E. A proposed new biomechanical head injury assessment function: the maximum power index. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:215-247. SAE 2000-01-SC16.

1986

Seemann MR, Muzzy WH III, Lustick LS. Comparison of human and Hybrid III head and neck dynamic response. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:291-311. SAE 861892.

1995

Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Sances A Jr, Walsh PR, Ewing CL, Thomas DJ, Snyder RG. Biomechanics of skull fracture. J Neurotrauma. August 1995;12(4):659-668.

1983

Hodgson VR, Thomas LM, Khalil TB. The role of impact location in reversible cerebral concussion. In: Proceedings of the 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1983; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:225-240. SAE 831618.

1984

Nusholtz GS, Lux P, Kaiker P, Janicki MA. Head impact response: skull deformation and angular accelerations. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 6-7, 1984; Chicago, IL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:41-74. SAE 841657.

2004

Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury. J Biomech Eng. 2004;126(2):226-236.

1977

Nahum AM, Smith R, Ward CC. Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 19-21, 1977; New Orleans, LA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:339-366. SAE 770922.

2001

Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. Comparison of brain responses between frontal and lateral impacts by finite element modeling. J Neurotrauma. 2001;18(1):21-30.

1971

Mertz HJ, Patrick LM. Strength and response of the human neck. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-255. SAE 710855.

1966

Gadd CW. Use of a weighted-impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. In: Proceedings of the 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 8-9, 1966; Hollomon Air Force Base, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:164-174. SAE 660793.

2008

Rousseau P. The Influence of Neck Compliance and Head Displacement on Impact Dynamics of a Hybrid III Head [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; October 2008.

2003

Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker A, Casson IR, Waeckerle JF. Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries. Neurosurgery. October 2003;53(4):799-814.

1979

Nusholtz GS, Melvin JW, Alem NM. Head impact response comparisons of human surrogates. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 17-19, 1979; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:499-541. SAE 791020.

Year	Entry
2012	Oeur A. An Analysis of Head Impact Angle on the Dynamic Response of a Hybrid III Headform and Brain Tissue Deformation [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; December 2012.

Year

Entry

2012

Oeur A. An Analysis of Head Impact Angle on the Dynamic Response of a Hybrid III Headform and Brain Tissue Deformation [Master's thesis]. University of Ottawa; December 2012.