In-Vivo Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Contact Force Using a Mathematical Model

Abnormal patellofemoral joint contact mechanics are speculated to play a role in cartilage degeneration. A two-dimensional joint contact model of the human patellofemoral joint was presented to quantify joint contact force and stress. Internal joint geometry was determined non-invasively using magnetic resonance imaging of the knee under physiologic loading conditions. Knee joint moment arms were determined from magnetic resonance images, measured from a functional joint centre calculated from individual knee kinematics. Hamstrings muscle forces were quantified for inclusion in the 2D patellofemoral joint model using a technique to estimate muscular force distribution non-invasively. Inclusion of these parameters in the patellofemoral joint contact model is expected to yield contact force and stress estimates that account for joint adaptations that may accompany knee injury or pathology. The methodology presented in this study was tested on healthy human knee joints to provide a basis for future comparison with injured subject groups.

Year	Entry
1973	Smidt GL. Biomechanical analysis of knee flexion and extension. J Biomech. January 1973;6(1):79-92.
1995	Heegaard J, Leyvraz PF, Curnier A, Rakotomanana L, Huiskes R. The biomechanics of the human patella during passive knee flexion. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1265-1279.
1984	Huberti HH, Hayes WC. Patellofemoral contact pressures: the influence of Q-angle and tendofemoral contact. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1984;66A(5):715-724.
1980	Palmoski MJ, Colyer RA, Brandt KD. Joint motion in the absence of normal loading does not maintain normal articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. March 1980;23(3):325-334.
1998	Wu JZ, Herzog W, Epstein M. Effects of inserting a pressensor film into articular joints on the actual contact mechanics. J Biomech Eng. October 1998;120(5):655-659.
1992	Spoor CW, van Leeuwen JL. Knee muscle moment arms from MRI and from tendon travel. J Biomech. February 1992;25(2):201-206.
1990	Spoor CW, van Leeuwen JL, Meskers CGM, Titulaer AF, Huson A. Estimation of instantaneous moment arms of lower-leg muscles. J Biomech. 1990;23(12):1247-1259.
1979	Kempson GE. Mechanical properties of articular cartilage. In: Freeman MAR, ed. Adult Articular Cartilage. 2nd ed. Kent, England: Pitman Medical; 1979:333-414.
1991	Blankevoort L, Kuiper JH, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. Articular contact in a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech. 1991;24(11):1019-1031.
1995	Ronsky JL, Herzog W, Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Grood ES, Butler DL. In vivo quantification of the cat patellofemoral joint contact stresses and areas. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):977-983.
1994	Ronsky JL. In-Vivo Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Contact Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1994.
1984	An KN, Takahashi K, Harrigan TP, Chao EY. Determination of muscle orientations and moment arms. J Biomech Eng. August 1984;106(3):280-282.
1991	Hirokawa S. Three-dimensional mathematical model analysis of the patellofemoral joint. J Biomech. 1991;24(8):659-671.
1995	Wu G, Cavanagh PR. ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. J Biomech. 1995;28(10):1257-1261.
1997	Boyd SK. A 3D in-Situ Model for Patellofemoral Joint Contact Analysis in the Normal and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 1997.
2000	Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, Hirsch R, Helmick CG, Jordan JM, Kington RS, Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Zhang Y, Sowers M, McAlindon T, Spector TD, Poole AR, Yanovski SZ, Ateshian G, Sharma L, Buckwalter JA, Brandt KD, Fries JF. Osteoarthritis: new insights, I: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med. October 17, 2000;133(8):635-646.
1995	Challis JH. A procedure for determining rigid body transformation parameters. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):733-737.
1994	Urban JPG. The chondrocyte: a cell under pressure. Br J Rheumatol. October 1994;33(10):901-908.
1976	Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Zindel M. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology, I: functional anatomy of the patello-femoral joint. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1976;58B(3):287-290.
1989	Yamaguchi GT, Zajac FE. A planar model of the knee joint to characterize the knee extensor mechanism. J Biomech. 1989;22(1):1-10.
1999	Powers MJ. Human Patellofemoral Kinematics and Related Joint Surface Geometry [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 1999.
1993	Cole GK, Nigg BM, Ronsky JL, Yeadon MR. Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardization proposal. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4A):344-349.
1977	Repo RU, Finlay JB. Survival of articular cartilage after controlled impact. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1977;59A(8):1068-1076.
1986	Jurvelin J, Kiviranta I, Tammi M, Helminen JH. Softening of canine articular cartilage after immobilization of the knee joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1986;207:246-252.
1986	McGill SM, Norman RW. Partitioning of the L4-L5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting. Spine. September 1986;11(7):666-678.
1983	Ahmed AM, Burke DL, Yu A. In-vitro of measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints, II: retropatellar surface. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):226-236.
1986	Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.
1997	Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert A, Nigg B, Lundberg A, Murphy N. Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running. J Biomech. July 1997;30(7):729-732.
1997	Sah RL, Yang AS, Chen AC, Hant JJ, Halili RB, Yoshioka M, Amiel D, Coutts RD. Physical properties of rabbit articular cartilage after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. March 1997;15(2):197-203.
1990	Rugg SG, Gregor RJ, Mandelbaum BR, Chiu L. In vivo moment arm calculations at the ankle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). J Biomech. 1990;23(5):495-501.
1993	Söderkvist I, Wedin P-Å. Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers. J Biomech. December 1993;26(12):1473-1477.
1977	Matthews LS, Sonstegard DA, Henke JA. Load bearing characteristics of the patello-femoral joint. Acta Orthop Scand. 1977;48(5):511-516.
1988	Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A. The envelope of passive knee joint motion. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):705-720.
1986	van Eijden TMGJ, Kouwenhoven E, Verburg J, Weijs WA. A mathematical model of the patellofemoral joint. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):219-229.
1983	Wickiewicz TL, Roy RR, Powell PL, Edgerton VR. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 1983;179:275-283.
1990	Friederich JA, Brand RA. Muscle fiber architecture in the human lower limb. J Biomech. 1990;23(1):91-95.
1998	Herzog W, Diet S, Suter E, Mayzus P, Leonard TR, Müller C, Wu JZ, Epstein M. Material and functional properties of articular cartilage and patellofemoral contact mechanics in an experimental model of osteoarthritis. J Biomech. December 1998;31(12):1137-1145.
1971	Radin EL, Paul IL. Response of joints to impact loading, I: in vitro wear. Arthritis Rheum. May–June 1971;14(3):356-362.
2001	Moss RT. Quantification of Patellofemoral Contact Area Using MR Imaging, a Validation and Comparative Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2001.
1973	Pond MJ, Nuki G. Experimentally-induced osteoarthritis in the dog. Ann Rheum Dis. July 1973;32(4):387-388.

Year

Entry

1973

Smidt GL. Biomechanical analysis of knee flexion and extension. J Biomech. January 1973;6(1):79-92.

1995

Heegaard J, Leyvraz PF, Curnier A, Rakotomanana L, Huiskes R. The biomechanics of the human patella during passive knee flexion. J Biomech. November 1995;28(11):1265-1279.

1984

Huberti HH, Hayes WC. Patellofemoral contact pressures: the influence of Q-angle and tendofemoral contact. J Bone Joint Surg. June 1984;66A(5):715-724.

1980

Palmoski MJ, Colyer RA, Brandt KD. Joint motion in the absence of normal loading does not maintain normal articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. March 1980;23(3):325-334.

1998

Wu JZ, Herzog W, Epstein M. Effects of inserting a pressensor film into articular joints on the actual contact mechanics. J Biomech Eng. October 1998;120(5):655-659.

1992

Spoor CW, van Leeuwen JL. Knee muscle moment arms from MRI and from tendon travel. J Biomech. February 1992;25(2):201-206.

1990

Spoor CW, van Leeuwen JL, Meskers CGM, Titulaer AF, Huson A. Estimation of instantaneous moment arms of lower-leg muscles. J Biomech. 1990;23(12):1247-1259.

1979

Kempson GE. Mechanical properties of articular cartilage. In: Freeman MAR, ed. Adult Articular Cartilage. 2nd ed. Kent, England: Pitman Medical; 1979:333-414.

1991

Blankevoort L, Kuiper JH, Huiskes R, Grootenboer HJ. Articular contact in a three-dimensional model of the knee. J Biomech. 1991;24(11):1019-1031.

1995

Ronsky JL, Herzog W, Brown TD, Pedersen DR, Grood ES, Butler DL. In vivo quantification of the cat patellofemoral joint contact stresses and areas. J Biomech. August 1995;28(8):977-983.

1994

Ronsky JL. In-Vivo Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Contact Characteristics [PhD thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; 1994.

1984

An KN, Takahashi K, Harrigan TP, Chao EY. Determination of muscle orientations and moment arms. J Biomech Eng. August 1984;106(3):280-282.

1991

Hirokawa S. Three-dimensional mathematical model analysis of the patellofemoral joint. J Biomech. 1991;24(8):659-671.

1995

Wu G, Cavanagh PR. ISB recommendations for standardization in the reporting of kinematic data. J Biomech. 1995;28(10):1257-1261.

1997

Boyd SK. A 3D in-Situ Model for Patellofemoral Joint Contact Analysis in the Normal and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 1997.

2000

Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, Hirsch R, Helmick CG, Jordan JM, Kington RS, Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Zhang Y, Sowers M, McAlindon T, Spector TD, Poole AR, Yanovski SZ, Ateshian G, Sharma L, Buckwalter JA, Brandt KD, Fries JF. Osteoarthritis: new insights, I: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med. October 17, 2000;133(8):635-646.

1995

Challis JH. A procedure for determining rigid body transformation parameters. J Biomech. June 1995;28(6):733-737.

1994

Urban JPG. The chondrocyte: a cell under pressure. Br J Rheumatol. October 1994;33(10):901-908.

1976

Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Zindel M. Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology, I: functional anatomy of the patello-femoral joint. J Bone Joint Surg. August 1976;58B(3):287-290.

1989

Yamaguchi GT, Zajac FE. A planar model of the knee joint to characterize the knee extensor mechanism. J Biomech. 1989;22(1):1-10.

1999

Powers MJ. Human Patellofemoral Kinematics and Related Joint Surface Geometry [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 1999.

1993

Cole GK, Nigg BM, Ronsky JL, Yeadon MR. Application of the joint coordinate system to three-dimensional joint attitude and movement representation: a standardization proposal. J Biomech Eng. November 1993;115(4A):344-349.

1977

Repo RU, Finlay JB. Survival of articular cartilage after controlled impact. J Bone Joint Surg. December 1977;59A(8):1068-1076.

1986

Jurvelin J, Kiviranta I, Tammi M, Helminen JH. Softening of canine articular cartilage after immobilization of the knee joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. June 1986;207:246-252.

1986

McGill SM, Norman RW. Partitioning of the L4-L5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting. Spine. September 1986;11(7):666-678.

1983

Ahmed AM, Burke DL, Yu A. In-vitro of measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints, II: retropatellar surface. J Biomech Eng. August 1983;105(3):226-236.

1986

Woltring HJ. A Fortran package for generalized, cross-validatory spline smoothing and differentiation. Adv Eng Softw. April 1986;8(2):104-113.

1997

Reinschmidt C, van den Bogert A, Nigg B, Lundberg A, Murphy N. Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running. J Biomech. July 1997;30(7):729-732.

1997

Sah RL, Yang AS, Chen AC, Hant JJ, Halili RB, Yoshioka M, Amiel D, Coutts RD. Physical properties of rabbit articular cartilage after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. March 1997;15(2):197-203.

1990

Rugg SG, Gregor RJ, Mandelbaum BR, Chiu L. In vivo moment arm calculations at the ankle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). J Biomech. 1990;23(5):495-501.

1993

Söderkvist I, Wedin P-Å. Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers. J Biomech. December 1993;26(12):1473-1477.

1977

Matthews LS, Sonstegard DA, Henke JA. Load bearing characteristics of the patello-femoral joint. Acta Orthop Scand. 1977;48(5):511-516.

1988

Blankevoort L, Huiskes R, de Lange A. The envelope of passive knee joint motion. J Biomech. 1988;21(9):705-720.

1986

van Eijden TMGJ, Kouwenhoven E, Verburg J, Weijs WA. A mathematical model of the patellofemoral joint. J Biomech. 1986;19(3):219-229.

1983

Wickiewicz TL, Roy RR, Powell PL, Edgerton VR. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb. Clin Orthop Relat Res. October 1983;179:275-283.

1990

Friederich JA, Brand RA. Muscle fiber architecture in the human lower limb. J Biomech. 1990;23(1):91-95.

1998

Herzog W, Diet S, Suter E, Mayzus P, Leonard TR, Müller C, Wu JZ, Epstein M. Material and functional properties of articular cartilage and patellofemoral contact mechanics in an experimental model of osteoarthritis. J Biomech. December 1998;31(12):1137-1145.

1971

Radin EL, Paul IL. Response of joints to impact loading, I: in vitro wear. Arthritis Rheum. May–June 1971;14(3):356-362.

2001

Moss RT. Quantification of Patellofemoral Contact Area Using MR Imaging, a Validation and Comparative Study [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; September 2001.

1973

Pond MJ, Nuki G. Experimentally-induced osteoarthritis in the dog. Ann Rheum Dis. July 1973;32(4):387-388.

Year	Entry
2006	Cheng WTR. Registration for the in-Vivo Studies of Osteoarthritis Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2006.
2008	Küpper J. A Novel Measure of in-Vivo Knee Joint Laxity [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2008.

Year

Entry

2006

Cheng WTR. Registration for the in-Vivo Studies of Osteoarthritis Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; April 2006.

2008

Küpper J. A Novel Measure of in-Vivo Knee Joint Laxity [Master's thesis]. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary; January 2008.