Measurement and analysis of in vivo bone strains on the canine radius and ulna

Carter, D. R.; Smith, D. J.; Spengler, D. M.; Daly, C. H.; Frankel, V. H.

Affiliations

¹Department of Orthopacdics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.

²Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Roston, MA 02114, U.S.A.

³Deparment of Orthopaedics, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, U.S.A.

⁴Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seatle, WA 98195, U.S.A.

Abstract and keywords

A strain gauge rosette was bonded in vivo to one of 5 locations on the radius or ulna of 7 mongrel dogs. The strain patterns during gait were recorded daily for each animal for at least 7 days following implantation. Strain and stress patterns in the principal material directions were calculated for typical gait cycles. Stress calculations were made using an anistropic analysis which assumes that the bone surface is an orthotropic lamina. The results showed that significant longitudinal and shear stresses were present in the midshaft of the radius and ulna. Tensile longitudinal stresses were present on convex surfaces, and compressive stresses were present on concave surfaces. The calculated shear stresses were consistent with torsional loading of the radius in the direction of external rotation of the proximal bone end. Significant transverse stresses were calculated for the rosette bonded to the caudal aspect of the distal radius. The results of this study suggest that the in vivo loading conditions in the dog foreleg are complex. The use of single gauges to estimate stresses in the canine foreleg is therefore of limited value.

Keywords:

Links

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(80)90005-6

PubMed: 7354092

WoS: A1980JF73600004

Cited Works (12)

Year	Entry
1975	Turner AS, Mills EJ, Gabel AA. In vivo measurement of bone strain in the horse. Am J Vet Res. November 1975;36(11):1573-1579.
1975	Reilly DT, Burstein AH. The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech. 1975;8(6):393-405.
1976	Carter DR, Hayes WC, Schurman DJ. Fatigue life of compact bone, II: effects of microstructure and density. J Biomech. 1976;9(4):211-218.
1970	Lanyon LE, Smith RN. Bone strain in the tibia during normal quadrupedal locomotion. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):238-248.
1973	Lanyon LE. Analysis of surface bone strain in the calcaneus of sheep during normal locomotion: strain analysis of the calcaneus. J Biomech. 1973;6(1):41-49.
1975	Lanyon LE, Hampson WGJ, Goodship AE, Shah JS. Bone deformation recorded in vivo from strain gauges attached to the human tibial shaft. Acta Orthop Scand. 1975;46(2):256-268.
1974	Barnes GRG, Pinder DN. In vivo tendon tension and bone strain measurement and correlation. J Biomech. January 1974;7(1):35-42.
1977	Rybicki EF, Mills EJ, Turner AS, Simonen FA. In vivo and analytical studies of forces and moments in equine long bones. J Biomech. 1977;10(11-12):701-705.
1976	Lanyon LE, Baggott DG. Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone. J Bone Joint Surg. November 1976;58B(4):436-443.
1978	Carter DR. Anisotropic analysis of strain rosette information from cortical bone. J Biomech. 1978;11(4):199-202.
1974	Cochran GVB. A method for direct recording of electromechanical data from skeletal bone in living animals. J Biomech. November 1974;7(6):563-565.
1972	Cochran GVB. Implantation of strain gages on bone in vivo. J Biomech. January 1972;5(1):119-123.

Cited By (30)

Year	Entry
1991	Weinans HH. Mechanically Induced Bone Adaptations Around Orthopaedic Implants [PhD thesis]. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen; 1991.
1981	Carter DR, Harris WH, Vasu R, Caler WE. The mechanical and biological response of cortical bone to in vivo strain histories. In: Cowin SC, ed. Mechanical Properties of Bone. The Joint ASME-ASCE Applied Mechnics, Fluids Engineering and Bioengineering Conference; June 22-24, 1981; Boulder, CO. New York, NY: American Society of Mechical Engineers; 1981:81-92.
2001	Fritton SP, Rubin CT. Dense bone tissue as a molecular composite. In: Cowin SC, ed. Bone Mechanics Handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2001:8-1–8-41.
2011	Kokshenev VB, Christiansen P. Evolution of locomotor trends in extinct terrestrial giants affected by body mass. In: Klika V, ed. Theoretical Biomechanics. InTech; 2011:49-74.
1981	Carter DR, Caler WE, Spengler DM, Frankel VH. Fatigue behavior of adult cortical bone: the influence of mean strain and strain range. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52(5):481-490.
1993	van der Meulen MCH, Beaupré GS, Carter DR. Mechanobiologic influences in long bone cross-sectional growth. Bone. July–August 1993;14(4):635-642.
1997	Mosley JR, March BM, Lynch J, Lanyon LE. Strain magnitude related changes in whole bone architecture in growing rats. Bone. March 1997;20(3):191-198.
2023	Vitienes I, Mikolajewicz N, Hosseinitabatabaei S, Bouchard A, Julien C, Graceffa G, Rentsch A, Widowski T, Main RP, Willie BM. Breed and loading history influence in vivo skeletal strain patterns in pre-pubertal female chickens. Bone. August 2023;173:116785.
1984	Katz JL, Yoon HS, Lipson S, Maharidge R, Meunier A, Christel P. The effects of remodeling on the elastic properties of bone. Calcif Tiss Int. 1984;36(suppl 1):S31-S36.
1989	Forwood MR, Parker AW. Microdamage in response to repetitive torsional loading in the rat tibia. Calcif Tiss Int. July 1989;45(1):47-53.
1981	Carter DR, Vasu R, Spengler DM, Dueland RT. Stress fields in the unplated and plated canine femur calculated from in vivo strain measurements. J Biomech. 1981;14(1):63-70.
1981	Carter DR, Caler WE, Spengler DM, Frankel VH. Uniaxial fatigue of human cortical bone: the influence of tissue physical characteristics. J Biomech. 1981;14(7):461-470.
1984	Lipson SF, Katz JL. The relationship between elastic properties and microstructure of bovine cortical bone. J Biomech. 1984;17(4):231-240.
1985	Burr DB, Martin RB, Schaffler MB, Radin EL. Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage. J Biomech. 1985;18(3):189-200.
1989	Keller TS, Spengler DM. Regulation of bone stress and strain in the immature and mature rat femur. J Biomech. 1989;22(11-12):1115-1127.
1989	Selker F, Carter DR. Scaling of long bone fracture strength with animal mass. J Biomech. 1989;22(11-12):1175-1183.
2000	Fritton SP, McLeod KJ, Rubin CT. Quantifying the strain history of bone: spatial uniformity and self-similarity of low-magnitude strains. J Biomech. March 2000;33(3):317-325.
1986	Biewener AA, Taylor CR. Bone strain: a determinant of gait and speed? J Exp Biol. July 1986;123(1):383-400.
2003	Peterman MM. A Strain Map of the Human Distal Tibia During the Stance Phase of Walking, from Dynamic Cadaver Experiments and Finite Element Analysis Simulations [PhD thesis]. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University; August 2003.
2001	Kim DG. Micromechanical Analysis of Bone At a Bone-Implant Interface [PhD thesis]. Troy, NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; April 2001.
1990	Fyhrie PB. Finite Element Analyses of Fracture Healing in Long Bones [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; August 10, 1990.
1991	Pattin CAG. Cyclic Mechanical Property Degradation in Bone During Fatigue Loading [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; March 1991.
1993	van der Meulen MCH. The Influence of Mechanics on Long Bone Development and Adaptation [PhD thesis]. Stanford University; June 1993.
1994	Oden ZM. Computational Prediction of Functional Adaptation in Canine Radii [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 1994.
2000	Coleman JC. Analysis of in Vivo Bone Strain History During Dynamic Mechanical Loading [PhD thesis]. Tulane University; 2000.
1996	Adams DJ. Mechanical Factors Initiating Appositional Bone Formation [PhD thesis]. University of Iowa; May 1996.
1981	Ruff CB. Structural Changes in the Lower Limb Bones With Aging At Pecos Pueblo [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania; 1981.
2013	Eleazer CD. The Interaction of Mechanical Loading and Metabolic Stress on Human Cortical Bone: Testing Anthropological Assumptions Using Cross-Sectional Geometry and Histomorphology [PhD thesis]. Knoxville, University of Tennessee; August 2013.
2007	Christiansen BA. Vibrational Stimulation of Bone Formation in Mice [PhD thesis]. St. Louis, MO: Washington University in St. Louis; December 2007.
1985	Schaffler MB. Stiffness and Fatigue of Compact Bone At Physiological Strains and Strain Rates [PhD thesis]. West Virginia University; 1985.