Pedestrian injury mitigation by autonomous braking

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Rosén, Erik¹; Källhammer, Jan-Erik¹; Eriksson, Dick¹; Nentwich, Matthias¹; Fredriksson, Rikard¹; Smith, Kip²

Pedestrian injury mitigation by autonomous braking

Accid Anal Prev. November 2010;42(6):1949-1957

©2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Affiliations

¹Autoliv Research, Wallentinsvägen 22, 447 83 Vårgårda, Sweden

²Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
Abstract and keywords

The objective of this study was to calculate the potential effectiveness of a pedestrian injury mitigation system that autonomously brakes the car prior to impact. The effectiveness was measured by the reduction of fatally and severely injured pedestrians. The database from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) was queried for pedestrians hit by the front of cars from 1999 to 2007. Case by case information on vehicle and pedestrian velocities and trajectories were analysed to estimate the field of view needed for a vehicle-based sensor to detect the pedestrians one second prior to the crash. The pre-impact braking system was assumed to activate the brakes one second prior to crash and to provide a braking deceleration up to the limit of the road surface conditions, but never to exceed 0.6 g. New impact speeds were then calculated for pedestrians that would have been detected by the sensor. These calculations assumed that all pedestrians who were within a given field of view but not obstructed by surrounding objects would be detected. The changes in fatality and severe injury risks were quantified using risk curves derived by logistic regression of the accident data. Summing the risks for all pedestrians, relationships between mitigation effectiveness, sensor field of view, braking initiation time, and deceleration were established. The study documents that the effectiveness at reducing fatally (severely) injured pedestrians in frontal collisions with cars reached 40% (27%) at a field of view of 40°. Increasing the field of view further led to only marginal improvements in effectiveness.

Keywords: Pedestrian; Autonomous braking; Mitigation effectiveness; Real-life data
Links

DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.05.018

PubMed: 20728647

WoS: 000282240500050
History

Received: 2009-12-07

Revised: 2010-05-18

Accepted: 2010-05-22

Cited Works (7)

Year	Entry
2009	Rosén E, Källhammer J-E, Eriksson D, Nentwich M, Fredriksson R, Smith K. Pedestrian injury mitigation by autonomous braking. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
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Cited By (16)

Year	Entry
2011	van Schijndel-de Nooij M, de Hair-Buijssen S, Versmissen T, Fredriksson R, Rosén E, Olsson J. Holland: VRU paradise goes for the next safety level. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2011	Strandroth J, Rizzi M, Sternlund S, Lie A, Tingvall C. The correlation between pedestrian injury severity in real-life crashes and euro NCAP pedestrian test results. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2015	Fredriksson R, Ranjbar A, Rosén E. Integrated bicyclist protection systems: potential of head injury reduction combining passive and active protection systems. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 8-11, 2015; Gothenburg, Sweden.
2017	Kullgren A, Rizzi M, Stigson H, Ydenius A, Strandroth J. The potential of vehicle and road infrastructure interventions in fatal pedestrian and bicyclist accidents on swedish rural roads: what can in-depth studies tell us? In: Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 5-8, 2017; Detroit, MI.
2019	Gruber M, Kolk H, Tomasch E, Feist F, Klug C, Schneider A, Roth F, Labenski V, Shanmugam K, Lindman M, Fredriksson A. The effect of P-AEB system parameters on the effectiveness for real world pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2019	Seacrist T, Douglas EC, Graci V, Loeb HS, Sahani R, Chingas G. Evaluation of AEB effectiveness using counterfactual simulations of SHRP2 naturalistic crashes. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2019	Yanagisawa M, Azeredo P, Najm W, Stasko S. Estimation of potential safety benefits for pedestrian crash avoidance/mitigation systems in light vehicles. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2019	Cao Y, Xiao L, Dong H, Wang Y, Wu X, Li P, Qiu Y. Typical pre-crash scenarios reconstruction for two-wheelers and passenger vehicles and its application in parameter optimization of AEB system based on NAIS database. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 10-13, 2019; Eindhoven, Netherlands.
2012	Anderson RWG, Searson DJ, Hutchinson TP. Integrating the assessment of pedestrian safety in vehicles with collision detection and mitigation systems. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.751-760.
2013	Rosén E. Autonomous emergency braking for vulnerable road users. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.618-627.
2015	Lubbe N, Kullgren A. Assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with forward collision warning and automated emergency braking. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.385-397.
2015	Piantini S, Baldanzini N, Pierini M, Mangini M, Franci A, Peris A. An overview on pedestrians and cyclists serious injuries in urban accidents. In: Proceedings of the 2015 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 9-11, 2015; Lyon, France.37-48.
2019	Zhao Y, Ito D, Mizuno K, Kong C. AEB effective evaluations by accident reconstructions using videos of drive recorders in perpendicular and turning car-to-cyclist collisions. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2019; Florence, Italy.243-255.
2011	Fredriksson R, Shin J, Untaroiu CD. Potential of pedestrian protection systems: a parameter study using finite element models of pedestrian dummy and generic passenger vehicles. Traffic Inj Prev. August 2011;12(4):398-411.
2011	Strandroth J, Rizzi M, Sternlund S, Lie A, Tingvall C. The correlation between pedestrian injury severity in real-life crashes and Euro NCAP pedestrian test results. Traffic Inj Prev. 2011;12(6):604-613.
2021	Haus SH. Effectiveness of Automatic Emergency Braking for Protection of Pedestrians and Bicyclists in the U.S. [PhD thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; October 12, 2021.