Some characteristics of the population who suffer trauma as pedestrians when hit by cars and some resulting implications

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Ashton, S. J.¹; Mackay, G. M.¹

Some characteristics of the population who suffer trauma as pedestrians when hit by cars and some resulting implications

Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact

Affiliations

¹Accident Research Unit, Department of Transportation and Environmental Planning, University of Birmingham, England
Abstract

Pedestrian casualties represent a particularly heterogeneous population in terms of their biomechanical characteristics. Age and sex are two measureable parameters which relate to this variation, whilst the circumstances of the accident control the frequency and severity of exposure to certain types of trauma. This paper looks at some of the dominant accident variables. These are the pedestrian's age and stature, the car impact speed and some of the detailed geometrical and physical characteristics of the car exterior. The great importance of leg fractures and head injuries is illustrated and some of the conseqllences for design are discussed in terms of realistic and appropriate test procedures.

Cited Works (8)

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Cited By (19)

Year	Entry
1994	Yang J-K, Kajzer J. Mathematical model of pedestrian lower extremity. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.220-232.
1998	Lawrence GJL, Hardy BJ. Pedestrian safety testing using the EEVC pedestrian impactors. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.2131-2144.
2007	Neal-Sturgess CE, Carter E, Hardy R, Cuerden R, Guerra L, Yang J. APROSYS European in-depth pedestrian database. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Chen S, Rakotonirainy A, Loke SW, Krishnaswamy S. A crash risk assessment model for road curves. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2007	Cuerden R, Richards D, Hill J. Pedestrians and their survivability at different impact speeds. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2009	Richards D, Cookson R, Cuerden R, Davies G. The causes of pedestrians’ head injuries following collisions with cars registered in 2000 or later. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
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1990	Kajzer J, Cavallero C, Ghanouchi S, Bonnoit J, Ghorbel A. Response of the knee joint in lateral impact: effect of shearing loads. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-14, 1990; Lyon, France.293-304.
1990	Ohashi H, Ono K, Sasaki A, Ohashi N, Misawa S. The present situation of pedestrian accidents in Japan. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-14, 1990; Lyon, France.283-291.
1998	Takeuchi K, Bunketorp O, Ishikawa H, Kajzer J. Car-pedestrian accidents in gothenburg during ten years. In: Proceedings of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 16-18, 1998; Göteberg, Sweden.87-98.
2001	Coley G, de Lange R, de Oliveira P, Neal-Sturgess CE, Happee R. Pedestrian human body validation using detailed real-world accidents. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2009	Cookson R, Cuerden R, Richards D, Manning J. A review of the causes of fatal pedestrians’ injuries resulting from collisions with car fronts: comparing vehicles registered in 2002 or later with earlier models. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.207-221.
2009	Richards D, Cookson R, Cuerden R, Davies G, Rutter H. Prioritising pedestrian injury prevention based on frequency and cost. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.223-236.
2000	Schuster PJ, Chou CC, Prasad P, Jayaraman G. Development and validation of a pedestrian lower limb non-linear 3- d finite element model. Stapp Car Crash J. 2000;44:315-334. SAE 2000-01-SC21.
2011	Rosén E, Stigson H, Sander U. Literature review of pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accid Anal Prev. January 2011;43(1):25-33.