Influence of impact speed and vehicle parameter on injuries of children and adults in pedestrian accidents

Appel, H.<sup>1</sup>; Stürtz, G.<sup>1</sup>; Gotzen, L.<sup>2</sup>

Year	Entry
1978	Appel H, Kuehnel A, Stuertz G, Gloeckner H. Pedestrian safety vehicle: design elements results of in-depth accident analyses and simulation. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.132-153.
1994	Cesari D, Bouquet R, Caire Y, Bermond F. Protection of pedestrians against leg injuries. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 23-26, 1994; Munich, Germany.1131-1138.
2005	Vezin P, Verriest JP. Development of a set of numerical human models for safety. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 6-9, 2005; Washington, DC.
2007	Cuerden R, Richards D, Hill J. Pedestrians and their survivability at different impact speeds. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2009	Richards D, Cookson R, Cuerden R, Davies G. The causes of pedestrians’ head injuries following collisions with cars registered in 2000 or later. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
1980	Aldman B, Thorngren L, Bunketorp O, Romanus B. An experimental model system for the study of lower leg and knee injuries in car pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). October 21-24, 1980; Wolfsburg, Germany.841-849.
1982	Bunketorp O, Aldman B, Thorngren L, Romanus B. Clinical and experimental studies on leg injuries in car-pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.376-386.
1982	European Experimental Vehicle Committee. Pedestrian injury accidents. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.638-671.
1985	Aldman B, Kajzer J, Anderlind T, Malmqvist M, Mellander H, Turbell T. Load transfer from the striking vehicle in side and pedestrian impacts. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.620-637. SAE 856082.
1985	Costanzo A. General problems concerning car-pedestrian collision. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). July 1-4, 1985; Oxford, England.943-948. SAE 856109.
1989	Kajzer J, Aldman B, Mellander H, Planath I, Jonasson K. Bumper system evaluation using an experimental pedestrian dummy. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). May 29–June 1, 1989; Göteborg, Sweden.1246-1253.
1991	Harris J. Proposals for test methods to evaluate pedestrian protection for cars. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.293-302.
1976	Appel H, Stürtz G, Behrens S. Influence of front-end-design of passenger cars on injuries of pedestrians in car-to-pedestrian collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.33-43.
1976	Ashton SJ, Pedder JB, Mackay GM. A review of riders and pedestrians in traffic collisions. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.129-171.
1976	Stürtz G, Suren EG. Kinematic of real pedestrian and two-wheel rider accidents and special aspects of the pedestrian accident. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.1-23.
1976	Thomas C, Stcherbatcheff G, Duclos P, Tarriere C, Foret-Bruno JY, Got C, Patel A. A synthesis of data from a multi-purpose survey on pedestrian accidents. In: Proceedings of the 1976 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 7-8, 1976; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.351-361.
1979	Aldman B, Lundell B, Thorngren L, Bunketorp O, Romanus B. Physical simulation of human leg-bumper impacts. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.232-242.
1986	Grandel J, Zeisberger H, Walz F. Kinematics and head injuries in vehicle/pedestrian accidents at speeds above 50 kph. In: Proceedings of the 1986 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 2-4, 1986; Zurich, Switzerland.189-203.
1990	Kajzer J, Cavallero C, Ghanouchi S, Bonnoit J, Ghorbel A. Response of the knee joint in lateral impact: effect of shearing loads. In: Proceedings of the 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 12-14, 1990; Lyon, France.293-304.
1993	Kajzer J, Cavallero C, Bonnoit J, Morjane A, Ghanouchi S. Response of the knee joint in lateral impact: effect of bending moment. In: Proceedings of the 1993 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 8-10, 1993; Eindhoven, The Netherlands.105-116.
1994	Cesari D, Bermond F, Caire Y, Bouquet R. Optimization of pedestrian leg injury protection using a biofidelic human leg. In: Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 21-23, 1994; Lyon, France.303-313.
2002	Bhalla K, Montazemi P, Crandall J, Yang J, Liu X, Dokko Y, Takahashi Y, Kikuchi Y, Longhitano D. Vehicle impact velocity prediction from pedestrian throw distance: trade-offs between throw formulae, crash simulators, and detailed multi-body modeling. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2002	Liu X, Yang J. Effects of vehicle impact velocity and front-end structure on the dynamic responses of child pedestrians. In: Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 18-20, 2002; Munich, Germany.
2009	Richards D, Cookson R, Cuerden R, Davies G, Rutter H. Prioritising pedestrian injury prevention based on frequency and cost. In: Proceedings of the 2009 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 9-11, 2009; York, UK.223-236.
2003	Van Hoof J, De Lange R, Wismans JSHM. Improving pedestrian safety using numerical human models. Stapp Car Crash J. 2003;47:401-436. SAE 2003-22-0018.
1978	Ashton SJ. Pedestrian Injuries and the Car Exterior [PhD thesis]. Birmingham, England: University of Birmingham; February 1978.
2008	Kerrigan JR. A Computationally Efficient Mathematical Model of the Pedestrian Lower Extremity [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; January 2008.

Year	Entry
1974	Stürtz G, Suren E, Gotzen L, Richter K. ANALYSE VON BEWEGUNGSABLAUF, VERLETZUNGSURSACHE, SCHWERE UND FOLGE BEI FUSSGANGERUNFÄLLEN MIT KINDERN DURCH UNFALLFORSCHUNG AM UNFALLORT. In: Proceedings of the International Meeting on the Biomechanics of Trauma in Children. September 17-19, 1974; Lyon, France.1-18.
1971	McLean AJ. The man in the street: pedestrian accidents in the Empire State. In: 15th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 20-23, 1971; Colorado Springs, CO.97-121.
1961	Wakeland HH. Systematic automobile design for pedestrian injury prevention. In: Proceedings of the 5th Stapp Car Crash and Field Demonstration Conference. September 14-16, 1961; University of Minnesota. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:193-218.
1972	Fisher AJ, Hall RR. The influence of car frontal design on pedestrian accident trauma. Accid Anal Prev. March 1972;4(1):47-58.