A combined evaluation method and a modified maximum likelihood method for injury risk curves

Nakahira, Yuko; Furukawa, Kazunori; Niimi, Hiroshi; Ishihara, Toshikazu; Miki, Kazuo; Matsuoka, Fumio

Affiliations

Abstract and keywords

A combined evaluation method and a modified Maximum Likelihood method were proposed for the sake of accurate estimation of the probability of injury risk curves in lower probability region, which are important for the improvement of the safety in car crash. According to the combined evaluation method, the modified Maximum Likelihood method had a tendency to yield better scores than the Maximum Likelihood method and the Mertz/Weber method.

Keywords: probability of injury; statistics

Cited Works (11)

Year	Entry
1993	Hertz E. A note on the head injury criterion (HIC) as a predictor of the risk of skull fracture. In: 37th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). November 4-6, 1993; San Antonio, TX.303-312.
1986	Kroell CK, Allen SD, Warner CY, Perl TR. Interrelationship of velocity and chest compression in blunt thoracic impact to swine II. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 27-29, 1986; San Diego, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:99-121. SAE 861881.
1996	Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Boynton M, Begeman P, Prasad P, Kuppa SM, Morgan RM, Eppinger RH. Dynamic axial tolerance of the human foot-ankle complex. In: Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-6, 1996; Albuquerque, NM. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:207-218. SAE 962426.
1984	Prasad P, Mertz HJ. The position of the United States delegation to the ISO working group 6 on the use of HIC in the automotive environment. In: Proceedings of the SAE Government/industry Meeting & Exposition. May 20-23, 1984; Washington, DC. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 851246.
1976	Lowne RW, Wall JG. A procedure for estimating injury tolerance levels for car occupants. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. October 18-20, 1976; Dearborn, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:643-664. SAE 760820.
1990	Cavanaugh JM, Walilko TJ, Malhotra A, Zhu Y, King AI. Biomechanical response and injury tolerance of the pelvis in twelve sled side impacts. In: Proceedings of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 4-7, 1990; Orlando, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:1-12. SAE 902305.
1993	Cavanaugh JM, Zhu Y, Huang Y, King AI. Injury and response of the thorax in side impact cadaveric tests. In: Proceedings of the 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 7-8, 1993; San Antonio, TX. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:199-221. SAE 933127.
1997	Mertz HJ, Prasad P, Irwin AL. Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 13-14, 1997; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:13-30. SAE 973318.
1984	Ran A, Koch M, Mellander H. Fitting injury versus exposure data into a risk function. In: Proceedings of the 1984 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 4-6, 1984; Delft, The Netherlands.301-312.
1982	Mertz HJ, Weber DA. Interpretations of the impact responses of a 3-year-old child dummy relative to child injury potential. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 1-4, 1982; Kyoto, Japan.368-376.
1971	Versace J. A review of the severity index. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference. November 17-19, 1971; Coronado, CA. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers:771-796. SAE 710881.

Cited By (19)

Year	Entry
2005	Baumgartner D, Willinger R. Numerical modeling of the human head under impact: new injury mechanisms and tolerance limits. In: Gilchrist MD, ed. IUTAM Symposium on Impact Biomechanics: From Fundamental Insights to Applications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer; 2005:195-203. Solid Mechanics and Its Applications; vol 124.
2015	Mertz HJ, Irwin AL. Anthropomorphic test devices and injury risk assessments. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:83-112.
2015	Petitjean A, Trosseille X, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Normalization and scaling for human response corridors and development of injury risk curves. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:769-792.
2001	Konosu A, Ishikawa H, Tanahashi M. Reconsideration of injury criteria for pedestrian subsystem legform test: problems of rigid legform impactor. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 4-7, 2001; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2007	Zander O, Lorenz B, Gehring D-U, Leßmann P. Prediction of lower extremity injury risks during an impact on modern car fronts with a flexible pedestrian legform impactor and the pedestrian legform impactor according to EEVC WG 17. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 18-21, 2007; Lyon, France.
2009	Meyer F, Roth S, Willinger R. Three years old child head-neck finite element modeling: simulation of the interaction with airbag in frontal and side impact. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 15-18, 2009; Stuttgart, Germany.
2011	Hasija V, Takhounts EG, Ridella SA. Evaluation of statistical methods for generating injury risk curves. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). June 13-16, 2011; Washington, DC.
2012	Kimpara H, Iwamoto M. Mild brain injury predictors derived from dummy 6DOF motions. In: Proceedings of the 40th International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research. 2012.
2001	Ydenius A, Kullgren A. Injury risk functions in frontal impacts using recorded crash pulses. In: Proceedings of the 2001 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. October 10-12, 2001; Isle of Man, UK.
2006	Marjoux D, Baumgartner D, Deck C, Willinger R. Head injury prediction capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMON and ULP criteria. In: Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 20-22, 2006; Madrid, Spain.143-157.
2007	Meyer F, Bourdet N, Roth S, Willinger R. Three years old child neck FE modelling under automotive accident conditions. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 19-21, 2007; Maastricht, The Netherlands.277-289.
2005	Laituri TR, Prasad P, Sullivan K, Frankstein M, Thomas RS. Derivation and evaluation of a provisional, age-dependent, AIS3+ thoracic risk curve for belted adults in frontal impacts. In: Proceedings of the SAE World Congress & Exhibition. April 11-14, 2005; Detroit, MI. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 2005-01-0297.
2001	Matsui Y. Biofidelity of TRL legform impactor and injury tolerance of the human leg in lateral impact. Stapp Car Crash J. 2001;45:495-510. SAE 2001-22-0023.
2010	Prasad P, Mertz HJ, Dalmotas DJ, Augenstein JS, Digges K. Evaluation of the field relevance of several injury risk functions. Stapp Car Crash J. 2010;54:49-72. SAE 2010-22-0004.
2011	Petitjean A, Trosseille X. Statistical simulations to evaluate the methods of the construction of injury risk curves. Stapp Car Crash J. 2011;55:411-440.
2008	Marjoux D, Baumgartner D, Deck C, Willinger R. Head injury prediction capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMon and ULP criteria. Accid Anal Prev. May 2008;40(3):1135-1148.
2012	Kimpara H, Iwamoto M. Mild traumatic brain injury predictors based on angular accelerations during impacts. Ann Biomed Eng. January 2012;40(1):114-126.
2003	Willinger R, Baumgartner D. Human head tolerance limits to specific injury mechanisms. Int J Crashworthiness. 2003;8(6):605-617.
2008	Deck C, Willinger R. Improved head injury criteria based on head FE model. Int J Crashworthiness. December 2008;13(6):667-678.