Validation of lower limb surrogates as injury assessment tools in floor impacts due to anti-vehicular land mines

Bir, Cynthia<sup>1</sup>; Barbir, Ana<sup>1</sup>; Dosquet, Frank<sup>2</sup>; Wilhelm, Marianne<sup>1</sup>; van der Horst, Marike<sup>3</sup>; Wolfe, Greg<sup>4</sup>

Affiliations

¹Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201

²Technical Center for Weapons and Ammunition, WTD 91, Am SchieBplatz, D-49716 Meppen, Germany

³TNO Defence, Security and Safety, Lang Kleiweg 137, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands

⁴U.S. Army RDECOM-TARDEC, 6501 East Eleven Mile Rd., Warren, MI 48397

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of lower limb surrogates to predict injury due to floor/foot plate impact in military vehicles during anti-vehicular land mine explosions. Testing was conducted using two loading conditions simulated to represent those conditions created in the field. The lower condition was represented by a 24-kg mass impactor with a velocity of 4.7 m/s. The higher loading condition was represented by a 37-kg mass impactor with a velocity of 8.3 m/s. Two biomechanical surrogates were evaluated using the loading conditions: 50th percentile Hybrid III foot/ankle and Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint THOR-Lx. Comparisons of the force-time response were made to established corridors. Results show a better correlation to the corridors with the THOR-Lx; however, future improvements to the THOR-Lx are recommended.

Links

DOI: 10.7205/MILMED.173.12.1180

PubMed: 19149335

WoS: 000207569700009

History

Received: 2007-10

Accepted: 2008-09

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Cited By (24)

Year	Entry
2015	Salzar RS, Lievers WB, Bailey AM, Crandall JR. Leg, foot, and ankle injury biomechanics. In: Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, eds. Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2015:499-547.
2012	Newell N, Masouros SD, Ramasamy A, Bonner TJ, Hill AM, Clasper JC, Bull AMJ. Use of cadavers and anthropometric test devices (ATDs) for assessing lower limb injury outcome from under‐vehicle explosions. In: Proceedings of the 2012 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 12-14, 2012; Dublin, Ireland.296-303.
2013	Newell N, Masouros SD, Bull AMJ. A comparison of MiL‐Lx and Hybrid‐III responses in seated and standing postures with blast mats in simulated under‐vehicle explosions. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.135-144.
2013	Bailey AM, Christopher JJ, Henderson K, Brozoski F, Salzar RS. Comparison of Hybrid‐III and PMHS response to simulated underbody blast loading conditions. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2013; Gothenburg, Sweden.158-170.
2014	Perry BJ, Gabler L, Bailey A, Henderson K, Brozoski F, Salzar RS. Lower extremity characterization and injury mitigation. In: Proceedings of the 2014 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 10-12, 2014; Berlin, Germany.186-197.
2019	de Lange J, Quenneville CE. Evaluation of the distribution of forces on the foot under axial impact loading to assess variations among altered ankle postures between two ATD models. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. September 11-13, 2019; Florence, Italy.673-683.
2020	Butz KD, Spurlock CM, Lister K. Validation of the CAVEMAN human body model lumbar spine response to vertical accelerative loading and the effect of spine curvature on skeletal fracture. In: Proceedings of the 2020 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury. 2020; Munich, Germany.113-122.
2009	McKay BJ, Bir CA. Lower extremity injury criteria for evaluating military vehicle occupant injury in underbelly blast events. Stapp Car Crash J. 2009;53:229-249. SAE 2009-22-0009.
2017	Butz K, Spurlock C, Roy R, Bell C, Barrett P, Ward A, Xiao X, Shirley A, Welch C, Liste K. Development of the CAVEMAN human body model: validation of lower extremity sub-injurious response to vertical accelerative loading. Stapp Car Crash J. November 2017;61:175-209. SAE 2017-22-0006.
2019	Acharya I, Van Tuyl JT, de Lange J, Quenneville CE. A force-sensing insole to quantify impact loading to the foot. J Biomech Eng. February 2019;141(2):024501.
2020	Ott K, Drewry D III, Luongo M, Andrist J, Armiger R, Titus J, Demetropoulos C. Comparison of human surrogate responses in underbody blast loading conditions. J Biomech Eng. September 2020;142(9):091010.
2011	Quenneville CE, McLachlin SD, Greeley GS, Dunning CE. Injury tolerance criteria for short-duration axial impulse loading of the isolated tibia. J Trauma. January 2011;70(1):E13-E18.
2017	Quenneville CE, Fournier E, Shewchenko N. The effect of anthropomorphic test device lower leg surrogate selection on impact mitigating system evaluation in low- and high-rate loading conditions. Mil Med. September–October 2017;182(9-10):e1981-e1986.
2011	Ramasamy A, Masouros SD, Newell N, Hill AM, Proud WG, Brown KA, Bull AMJ, Clasper JC. In-vehicle extremity injuries from improvised explosive devices: current and future foci. Philos Trans R Soc B. January 27, 2011;366(1562):160-170.
2013	Newell N. Foot and Ankle Blast Injury and Its Mitigation [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; June 2013.
2016	Bonner TJ. An Investigation Into Lower Limb Injuries Caused by Improvised Explosive Devices [PhD thesis]. Imperial College London; 2016.
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2013	Gallenberger KA. Foot and Ankle Injuries in Variable Energy Impacts [Master's thesis]. Wilwaukee, WI: Marquette University; May 2013.
2016	Martinez AA. The Effect of Load Rate on the Axial Fracture Tolerance of the Isolated Tibia During Automotive and Military Impacts [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; 2016.
2019	de Lange J. Biomechanical Tools for Assessing Foot and Ankle Injury Risk in Frontal Automotive Collisions [Master's thesis]. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University; 2019.
2016	Bailey AM. Injury Assessment for the Human Leg Exposed to Axial Impact Loading [PhD thesis]. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia; September 2016.
2016	Somasudaram K. Methodology for Performing Whole Body PMHS Underbody Blast Impact Testing, and the Corresponding Response of the Hybrid III Dummy and the Finite Element Dummy Model Under Similar Loading Condition [Master's thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; October 2016.
2019	Somasundaram K. Development of Spine Injury Mechanisms, Response Corridors and Computational Human Model to Assess Mounted Occupant Injury During Underbody Blast Loading [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; August 2019.
2009	Quenneville CE. Experimental and Numerical Assessments of Injury Criteria for Short-Duration, High-Force Impact Loading of the Tibia [PhD thesis]. London, ON: University of Western Ontario; December 2009.