Two conventional ice hockey helmet liners were tested for head impact events documented to cause concussion in youth ice hockey (falls to the ice and boards). Impact parameters were established using real world cases of concussion in youth ice hockey to inform MADYMO simulations, which established a corridor of response representative of youth ice hockey impact events. Helmets were tested at two velocities on two surfaces (ice and boards), at a high and low velocity determined by the kinematic simulations. Helmets were evaluated based on impact kinematics and finite element metrics of maximum principal strains and cumulative strain damage measures using a scaled finite element model of the brain. The vinyl nitrile liner showed better performance at reducing rotational acceleration and velocity measures, whereas the expanded polypropylene liner performed better for reducing linear acceleration for most cases. The vinyl nitrile liner showed better performance in reducing maximum principal strain for impacts at and below 4 m/s, but showed signs of approaching the upper functional range at 4.5 m/s with increased strain compared to the expanded polypropylene liner.
Keywords:
Concussion, helmets, youth ice hockey, head impact, finite element modelling