The Abbreviated Injury Scale: evolution, usage and future adaptability

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Petrucelli, Elaine¹; States, John D.¹; Hames, Lee N.¹

The Abbreviated Injury Scale: evolution, usage and future adaptability

Accid Anal Prev. March 1981;13(1):29-35

© Pergamon Press Ltd

Affiliations

¹American Medical Association and American Association for Automotive Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610, U.S.A.
Abstract

Injury Scaling as a means for classifying the extent of trauma has a long histroy. This paper describes the origin, development and usage of the Abbreviated Injury Scale. Major revisions to AIS-80 are discussed in detail. Both the value of the AIS as a research tool and its limitations are presented. The critical need for training AIS users in proper application is addressed. The future role of the Committee on Injury Scaling is explained, and three potential uses of the AIS are suggested as priority items. The paper, accompanied by a comprehensive bibliography, serves as a basic state of the art reference for physicians and others researchers in the traffic medicine and highway safety field.
Links

DOI: 10.1016/0001-4575(81)90040-3

WoS: A1981LL46200005

Cited Works (10)

Year	Entry
1978	MacKenzie EJ, Garthe EA, Gibson G. Evaluating the Abbreviated Injury Scale. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.55-66.
1957	Braunstein PW. Medical aspects of automotive crash injury research. JAMA. January 26, 1957;163(4):249-255.
1978	Marsh JC, Flora JD, Kornfield SM, Bailey J. Results of financial and functional consequences of injury: a pilot clinical study. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.300-318.
1974	States JD, Huelke DF, Hames LN. 1974 AMA-SAE-AAAM revision of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). In: 18th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). September 12-14, 1974; Toronto, ON.479-505.
1979	Kruse T, Jorgensen K, Nielsen HV, Nordentoft EL. AIS as a measure of injury related incapacitation time among selected age and sex groups. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.1-12.
1974	Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. March 1974;14(3):187-196.
1974	Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. July 13, 1974;2(7872):81-84.
1979	Mattern R, Barz J, Schulz F, Kallieris D, Schmidt G. Problems arising when using injury scales in the biomechanical investigation with special consideration of the age influence. In: Proceedings of the 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 5-7, 1979; Goeteborg, Sweden.223-231.
1978	Huang LC, Marsh JC IV. AIS and threat to life. In: 22nd Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). July 10-14, 1978; Ann Arbor, MI.242-254.
1971	Committee on Medical Aspects of Automotive Safety. Rating the severity of tissue damage, I: the Abbreviated Scale. JAMA. January 11, 1971;215(2):277-280.

Cited By (15)

Year	Entry
1987	Tingvall C. Children in cars: some aspects of the safety of children as car passengers in road traffic accidents. Acta Paediatr Scand. October 1987;76(suppl 339):1-35.
1981	MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Eastham J, Whitney B. Reliability testing of the AIS'80. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1981; San Francisco, CA.271-279.
1981	Warren RA, Simpson HM, Buhlman MA, Bourgeois LA, Chattaway LD. Relationship of driver blood alcohol to injury severity. In: 24th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 1-3, 1981; San Francisco, CA.133-144.
1984	Eastham JN Jr. A construct validity analysis of the Abbreviated Injury Scale. In: 28th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 8-10, 1984; Denver, CO.155-171.
1984	MacKenzie EJ, Shapiro S, Moody M, Smith R. Predicting post-trauma functional disability for individuals without significant brain injury. In: 28th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 8-10, 1984; Denver, CO.173-187.
1985	Eastham JN Jr. The effects of AIS manual injury severity qualifiers on subjective estimates of injury severity. In: 29th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 7-9, 1985; Washington, DC.353-363.
1986	MacKenzie EJ, Steinwachs DM, Shankar BS, Turney SZ. An ICD-9CM to AIS conversion table: development and application. In: 30th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). October 6, 1986; Montreal, QC.135-151.
1998	Garthe E, Mango N, States JD. AIS unification: the case for a unified injury system for global use. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.1276-1290.
1991	Walz F, Langwieder K. A proposal for a simplified injury scale “sais 9” for use in large scale accident studies. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV). November 4-7, 1991; Paris, France.162-180.
2003	Morris A, Mackay M, Wodzin E, Barnes J. Some injury scaling issues in UK crash research. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. September 25, 2003; Lisbon, Portugal.283-291.
1983	Somers RL. The probability of death score: an improvement of the injury severity score. Accid Anal Prev. 1983;15(4):247-257.
1984	MacKenzie EJ. Injury severity scales: overview and directions for future research. Am J Emerg Med. November 1984;2(6):537-549.
1989	MacKenzie EJ, Steinwachs DM, Shankar B. Classifying trauma severity based on hospital discharge diagnoses: validation of an ICD-9CM to AIS-85 conversion table. Med Care. April 1989;27(4):412-422.
2022	Bracali A. Development of a Methodology to Estimate Traumatic Brain Injuries from Signals of Sensors Embedded Into a Helmet [PhD thesis]. University of Florence; 2022.
2013	Post A. The Influence of Dynamic Response Characteristics on Traumatic Brain Injury [PhD thesis]. University of Ottawa; 2013.