Meaningful concepts of head injury criteria

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Goldsmith, Werner¹

Meaningful concepts of head injury criteria

Proceedings of the 1989 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact

Affiliations

¹Professor Emeritus, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Abstract

Current head injury tolerance parameters or criteria used for regulation involve linear acceleration levels or their histories for the entire cranium. Other proposed criteria pertain to angular acceleration, or a mean strain; a viscous criterion has been proposed for soft tissue. Such prescriptions are unable to differentiate between various regions of the head. Also, except for strain, the other parameters do not directly produce trauma and can thus at best only be indirectly related to trauma. It is important to devise a methodology that will permit the stipulation of loading limits of individual tissue using accepted engineering failure parameters for physical disruption and, concomitantly, a proportionately lower limit for physiological dysfunction. This contribution intends to outline such a procedure based on the principles of continuum mechanics and knowledge of material properties. It represents a further development of the suggestion of the author 23 years ago to analyze head response to impact by means of these analytical tools. An example of the response to impact of a viscoelastic tube which could be extended to model the loading of a cerebral vessel due to a head collision is indicated.

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2001	Zhang L, Yang KH, King AI. Biomechanics of neurotrauma. Neurol Res. March–April 2001;23(2-3):144-156.
1998	Lawson AR, Sadeghi MM. Finite element modelling of blunt or non-contact head injuries. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). May 31–June 4, 1998; Windsor, Ontario, Canada.2080-2092.
2004	Goldsmith W, Plunket J. A biomechanical analysis of the causes of traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. June 2004;25(2):89-100.
2000	Anderson RWG. A Study on the Biomechanics of Axonal Injury [PhD thesis]. Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide; 2000.
2014	Patton DA. The Biomechanical Determinants of Sports-Related Concussion: Finite Element Simulations of Unhelmeted Head Impacts to Evaluate Kinematic and Tissue-Level Predictors of Injury and Investigate the Design Implications for Soft-Shell Headgear [PhD thesis]. University of New South Wales; March 2014.
2009	Jin X. Biomechanical Response and Constitutive Modeling of Bovine Pia-Arachnoid Complex [PhD thesis]. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University; December 2009.